Книга - Англійська мова. Теорія і практика. Пряма і непряма мова

Англiйська мова. Теорiя i практика. Пряма i непряма мова
Ричард Грант


Англiйська мова. Теорiя i практика #18
Пряма i непряма мова – Direct and Indirect Speech – це вiсiмнадцятий навчальний посiбник з серii Англiйська мова. Теорiя i практика.Освоiвши теоретичний матерiал, представлений в цiй серii i виконавши бiльше 600 вправ для самоконтролю, Ваш словниковий запас складатиметься з бiльше, нiж 6 000 англiйських слiв i виразiв, що дозволить Вам успiшно скласти такi мiжнароднi iспити по англiйськiй мовi, як TOEFL(Test of English as a Foreign Language), IELTS(International English Language Testing System) i iншi.





Ричард Грант

Англiйська мова. Теорiя i практика. Пряма i непряма мова



Direct speech або пряма мова – це слова будь-якоi людини, що передаються буквально так, як вони i були вимовленi. На листi пряма мова видiляеться лапками, а пiсля слiв, що вводять пряму мову, ставиться кома.

She says, "The lessons begin at 9 o’clock."– Вона каже: «Заняття починаються о 9 годинi».



Indirect speech або непряма мова – це мова, що передаеться не слово в слово, а тiльки за змiстом, у виглядi додаткових пiдрядних речень. При цьому кома, що вiдокремлюе слова мовця вiд прямоi мови, i лапки, в якi взята пряма мова, опускаються.

She says that the lessons begin at 9 o’clock. – Вона каже, що заняття починаються о 9 годинi.



У непрямiй мовi займенник I замiнюеться займенником he або she.

Direct speech: She said, "I will buy a dress." – Вона сказала: «Я куплю сукню».

Indirect speech: She said that she would buy a dress. – Вона сказала, що купить сукню.



Якщо в головному реченнi дiеслово-присудок стоiть в минулому часi (Past Simple), то при перекладi прямоi мови в непряму, дотримуються правила узгодження часiв, i перед непрямоi промовою ставиться сполучник that, який пiсля дiеслiв say, know, think i iнших може бути опущений.

Direct speech: She said, "The lessons begin at 9 o’clock." – Вона сказала: «Заняття починаються о 9 годинi».

Indirect speech: She said (that) the lessons began at 9 o’clock. – Вона сказала, що заняття починаються о 9 годинi.

Direct speech: Ann said, "I bought two tickets for the theatre." – Ана сказала: «Я купила два квитка в театр».

Indirect speech: Ann said (that) she had bought 2 tickets for the theatre. – Ана сказала, що вона купила 2 квитки в театр.




Узгодження часiв у непрямiй мовi


Direct speech – Indirect speech

Present Simple – Past Simple

He said, "I am hungry!" – He said that he was hungry.– Вiн сказав: «Я голодний!» – Вiн сказав, що вiн голодний.

Present Continuous – Past Continuous

Mother said, "I am cooking the dinner now." – Mother said that she was cooking the dinner then.– Мама сказала: «Я зараз готую обiд». – Мама сказала, що вона готувала обiд.

Present Perfect – Past Perfect

She said, "I have worked hard today." – She said that she had worked hard that day.– Вона сказала: «Я багато працювала сьогоднi». – Вона сказала, що вона багато працювала в той день.

Present Perfect Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous

I said, "My colleague has only been working here for 3 months." – I said that my colleague had only been working there for 3 months.– Я сказав: «Моя колега працюе тут всього 3 мiсяцi». – Я сказав, що моя колега працювала там всього 3 мiсяцi.

Past Simple – Past Perfect

She said, "I had a cold a week ago." – She said that she had had a cold a week before.– Вона сказала: «Тиждень тому у мене була застуда». – Вона сказала, що тиждень до цього у неi була застуда.

Past Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous

Tom said, "I was watching the football match." – Tom said that he had been watching the football match.– Том сказав: «Я дивився футбольний матч». – Том сказав, що вiн дивився футбольний матч.

Past Perfect – Past Perfect

My friend said to me, "I had known you before we were introduced to each other." – My friend told me that he had known me before we were introduced to each other.– Мiй друг сказав менi: «Я знав тебе до того, як нас представили один одному». – Мiй друг сказав менi, що вiн знав мене до того, як нас представили один одному.

Past Perfect Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous

My wife said, "We had been dating for 3 years before we got married." – My wife said that we had been dating for 3 years before we got married.– Моя дружина сказала: «Ми зустрiчалися 3 роки, перш нiж одружилися». – Моя дружина сказала, що ми зустрiчалися 3 роки, перш нiж одружилися.

Future Simple (will) – Future in the Past (would)

The doctor said, "You will get the result of your blood test tomorrow." – The doctor said that I would get the result of my blood test the next day.– Лiкар сказав: «Ви отримаете результат свого аналiзу кровi завтра». – Лiкар сказав, що я отримаю результат мого аналiзу кровi на наступний день.




Модальнi дiеслова в непрямiй мовi


Якщо в прямiй мовi були модальнi дiеслова, то тi з них, якi мають форми минулого часу, змiняться в непрямiй мовi, наприклад: can – could, may – might, have (to) – had (to). Решта при переходi в непряму мову не змiнюеться.

Direct speech: He said, "The contract can be signed in the evening." – Вiн сказав: «Контракт може бути пiдписаний ввечерi».

Indirect speech: He said that the contract could be signed in the evening. – Вiн сказав, що контракт може бути пiдписаний ввечерi.

Direct speech: She said to him, "You should (ought to) send them a telegram immediately." – Вона сказала йому: «Вам слiд негайно послати iм телеграму».

Indirect speech: She told him that he should (ought to) send them a telegram immediately. – Вона сказала йому, що йому слiд послати iм телеграму негайно.



Дiеслово must замiнюеться в непрямiй мовi дiесловом had, коли виражае необхiднiсть вчинення дii в силу певних обставин:

Direct speech: She said, "I must send him a telegram at once." – Вона сказала: «Я повинна послати йому телеграму негайно».

Indirect speech: She said that she had to send him a telegram at once. – Вона сказала, що повинна послати йому телеграму негайно.

Коли дiеслово must висловлюе наказ або пораду, то воно залишаеться без змiни:

Direct speech: He said to her, "You must consult a doctor." – Вiн сказав iй: «Ви повиннi порадитися з лiкарем».

Indirect speech: He told her that she must consult a doctor. – Вiн сказав iй, що вона повинна порадитися з лiкарем.



У деяких випадках необхiдно узгодити не тiльки часи, а й окремi слова.

Direct speech: He said, "I am dying now". – Вiн сказав: «Я вмираю зараз».

Тобто в даний момент вiн помирае. Однак, коли ми будемо передавати його слова, то будемо говорити вже не про зараз, а про момент часу в минулому (той, коли вiн вмирав). Тому ми змiнюемо now (зараз) на then (тодi).

Indirect speech: He said that he was dying then. – Вiн сказав, що вiн помирав тодi.




Слова, що змiнюються в непрямiй мовi


Direct speech – Indirect speech

this, these – that, those– цей, цi – той, тi

here – there– тут – там

now – then– зараз – тодi

today – that day– сьогоднi – в той день

tomorrow – next day– завтра – на наступний день

yesterday – the day before– вчора – за день

ago – before– тому – до того, ранiше

last – the previous, before– минулий – попереднiй, ранiше

next – the following– наступний – наступний



Винятки:

Правило узгодження часiв не дотримуеться:

1. У пiдрядних реченнях, якi виражають загальновiдомий факт або iстину.

Не said that 22 December is the shortest day of the уеаг. – Вiн сказав, що 22 грудня – найкоротший день у роцi.

2. Коли в пiдрядному реченнi е модальнi дiеслова must, should, ought to:

I said that I must meet her. – Я сказав, що менi треба зустрiти ii.

3. Якщо мовець посилаеться на слова, якi тiльки що були сказанi:

Kate: "Stay with me, Mark. I will cook something delicious." – Кейт: Залишся зi мною, Марк. Я приготую що-небудь смачне.

Mark to Elza: "Kate said she will cook something delicious." – Марк Ельзе: Кейт сказала, що приготуе щось смачне.

4. У пiдрядному реченнi, що вводиться сполучниками when/since, де простий минулий час (Past Simple) не змiнюе своеi форми:

I answered that I hadn’t met her since we moved. – Я вiдповiв, що не бачив ii пiсля того, як ми переiхали.

5. Якщо мовець використовував час Past Continuous iз зазначенням точного часу дii, то вiн не змiнюеться в непрямiй мовi, незалежно вiд того, в якому часi стоiть дiеслово, яке вводить непряму мову:

"I was working at 6 o'clock." – He said that he was working at 6 o'clock.




Питання в непрямiй мовi


У непрямiй мовi питання мають прямий порядок слiв, а знак питання в кiнцi речення замiнюеться на крапку.



Загальнi питання вводяться сполучниками if або whether:

Direct speech: I asked, "Have you seen my pen?" – Я запитав: «Ти бачив мою ручку?»

Indirect speech: I asked him whether/if he had seen my pen. – Я запитав, чи бачив вiн мою ручку..



Спецiальнi питання вводяться питальними словами:

Direct speech: He wondered: “Who on earth would buy this junk?!” – Вiн поцiкавився: «Хто взагалi стане купувати цю рухлядь?!»

Indirect speech: He wondered who on earth would buy that junk. – Вiн поцiкавився, хто взагалi стане купувати ту рухлядь.



Коротка вiдповiдь на питання непрямоi мови вводиться сполучником that без слiв yes/no:

Direct speech: She answered, "Yes, I do." – Вона вiдповiла: «Так».

Indirect speech: She answered that she did. – Вона вiдповiла ствердно.




Наказовi речення в непрямiй мовi


Такi речення використовуються з дiесловами say, tell, order, ask, beg, дiеслово в наказовому способi змiнюеться в форму iнфiнiтива:

Direct speech: Mom told me, "Clean your room." – Мама сказала менi: «Прибери свою кiмнату».

Indirect speech: Mom told me to clean my room. – Мама сказала менi прибрати свою кiмнату.

Заперечна форма дiеслова в наказовому способi замiнюеться iнфiнiтивом з попередньою часткою not.

Direct speech: He said, "Don’t run in the corridor." – Вiн сказав: «Не бiгайте в коридорi».

Indirect speech: He said not to run in the corridor. – Вiн сказав не бiгати в коридорi.




I


ntroductory verbs

Нижче представленi деякi дiеслова – introductory verbs, якi дозволяють передати чужу мову без постiйного використання she said або he asked:



agree – погоджуватися

Direct speech: “Ok, I was wrong.” – «Я був неправий.»

Indirect speech: He agreed that he had been wrong. – Вiн погодився, що був неправий.



claim – заявляти

Direct speech: “I saw the UFO.” – «Я бачив НЛО.»

Indirect speech: He claimed that he had seen the UFO. – Вiн заявив, що бачив НЛО.



complain – скаржитися

Direct speech: “You never share any secrets with me!” – «Ти нiколи не дiлишся зi мною секретами.»

Indirect speech: She complained that I never shared any secrets with her. – Вона скаржилася, що я нiколи не дiлився з нею секретами.



admit – визнавати

Direct speech: “I was really unfriendly to him.” – «Я дiйсно була з ним ворожа.»

Indirect speech: She admitted that she had been unfriendly to him. – Вона визнала, що була з ним ворожа.



deny – заперечувати

Direct speech: “I didn’t break your favorite cup!” – «Я не розбивав твоеi улюбленоi чашки!»

Indirect speech: He denied that he had broken the cup. – Вiн заперечував, що розбив чашку.



exclaim – вигукнути

Direct speech: “I am so happy!” – «Я така щаслива!»

Indirect speech: She exclaimed that he was very happy. – Вона вигукнула, що була щаслива.



explain – пояснити

Direct speech: “You see, there’s no point in going there right now.” – «Бачиш, немае причини йти туди прямо зараз.»

Indirect speech: He explained that there was no point in going there at that moment. – Вiн пояснив, що не було причини йти туди в той момент.



recommend – радити

Direct speech: “You’d better stay at home.” – «Тобi було б краще залишатися вдома.»

Indirect speech: She recommended that we stayed at home. – Вона радила, щоб ми залишилися вдома.



prove – доводити

Direct speech: “See, the system works.” – «Дивись, система працюе.»

Indirect speech: He proved that the system worked. – Вiн довiв, що система працювала.



state – стверджувати

Direct speech: “I have never seen the young man before.” – «Я нiколи не бачив цього юнака ранiше.»

Indirect speech: The witness stated that she had never seen the young man before. – Свiдок стверджував, що нiколи ранiше не бачив того юнака.



promise – обiцяти

Direct speech: “I will be back no later than eight o’clock.” – «Я вернуся не пiзнiше 8 годин.»

Indirect speech: Dad promised that he would be back no later than eight o’clock. – Тато пообiцяв повернутися не пiзнiше 8 годин.



suggest – пропонувати

Direct speech: “Shall we spend the evening together?” – «Ми проведемо разом вечiр?»

Indirect speech: He suggested that they spent the evening together. – Вiн запропонував провести вечiр разом.



assert – стверджувати

Direct speech: “Nuclear power is a safe and non-polluting kind of energy.” – «Ядерна енергiя безпечна i не призводить до забруднень.»

Indirect speech: The scientists asserted that nuclear power is a safe and non-polluting kind of energy. – Вченi стверджували, що ядерна енергiя безпечна i не призводить до забруднень.



contend – заявляти

Direct speech: “The Earth may be much younger than previously thought.” – «Земля може бути набагато молодшою, нiж думали ранiше.»

Indirect speech: Some astronomers contend that the Earth may be much younger than previously thought. – Деякi астрономи заявили, що Земля може бути набагато молодшою, нiж думали ранiше.




Вправи


Запам'ятайте:

this ? that

here ? there

today ? that day

tomorrow ? the next day



Вправа 1

Передайте наступнi наказовi речення у непрямiй мовi.

1. “Explain to me how to solve this problem,” my friend said to me. 2. The teacher said to me, “Hand this note to your parents, please.” 3. The doctor said to Nick, “Open your mouth and show me your tongue.” 4. Oleg said to his sister, “Put the letter in an envelope and give it to Kate.” 5. “Don’t be afraid of my dog,” said the man to Kate. 6. “Please help me with this work, Henry,” said Robert. 7. “Take this book and read it,” said the librarian to the boy. 8. “Please bring me some fish soup,” he said to the waitress. 9. The doctor said to Pete, “Don’t go for a walk today.” 10. “Don’t worry over such a small thing,” she said to me. 11. “Don’t eat too much ice cream,” Nick’s mother said to him. 12. “Please don’t mention it to anybody,” Mary said to her friend. 13. “Go home,” the teacher said to us. 14. “Promise to come and see me,” said Jane to Alice.



Вправа 2

Передайте наступнi наказовi речення у непрямiй мовi.

1. “Buy some meat in the shop,” my mother said to me. 2. Не said to us, “Come here tomorrow.” 3. “Sit down at the table and do your homework,” my mother said to me. 4. I said to Mike, “Send me a telegram as soon as you arrive.” 5. “Don’t forget to clean your teeth,” said granny to Helen. 6. Father said to me, “Don’t stay there long.” 7. “Don’t sit up late,” said the doctor to Mary. 8. Peter said to them, “Don’t leave the room until I come back.” 9. “Take my luggage to Room 145,” he said to the porter. 10. He said to me, “Ring me up tomorrow.” 11. “Bring me a cup of black coffee,” she said to the waiter. 12. “Don’t be late for dinner,” mother said to us. 13. Jane said to us, “Please tell me all you know about it.” 14. She said to Nick, “Please don’t say anything about it to your sister.”



Запам'ятайте:

last ? previous, before

these ? those

now ? then

yesterday ? the day before

next ? the following

now ? at once

ago ? before



Вправа 3

Передайте наступнi наративнi речення у непрямiй мовi.

1. Oleg said, “My room is on the second floor.” 2. The woman said to her son, “I am glad I am here.” 3. Masha said, “I usually spend my holidays in the south.” 4. The mother said, “The children are in the nursery, doctor.” 5. “When your turn comes, listen very carefully to what the doctor tells you, ”I said to my grandmother. 6. He said, “I am sure she will ring me up when she is back in Toronto.” 7. Mike said, “We have bought these books today.” 8. She said, “I spent my holidays in the Crimea last year.” 9. “I have no time for lunch today,” said the boy to his mother. 10. “If you are in a hurry, we will do only the first experiment,” the laboratory assistant said to me. 11. Misha said, “I saw them at my parents’ house last year.” 12. She said to me, “Now I can read your translation.” 13. Boris said, “I go to the south every year.” 14. “You speak English very well,” the woman said to me. 15. “I won’t start anything new until I have finished this novel,” said the writer to the correspondent.



Вправа 4

Передайте наступнi наративнi речення у непрямiй мовi.

1. He said, “I haven’t seen my cousin today.” 2. “This man spoke to me on the road,” said the woman. 3. He said, “I am going to a ski resort tomorrow.” 4. My brother said to me, “I am going to become a doctor.” 5. “When I get a job, I’ll buy you a warm coat,” said the boy’s father. 6. “I don’t go to this shop very often,” she said. 7. “I can’t explain this rule to you,” my classmate said to me. 8. Ann said to us, “They haven’t come yet.” 9. My uncle said to us, “I buy several newspapers every day.” 10. “If you spill the milk, there won’t be any for the cat,” my mother said to me. 11. Tom said, “I have already had breakfast, so I am not hungry.” 12. The teacher said to the class, “We will discuss this subject tomorrow.” 13. She said to us, “They arrived in Toronto yesterday.” 14. The teacher said to the pupils, “Next year we will have six hours of English a week.” 15. “When you come to see me on Sunday, I will show you my new dress,” she said to me.



Вправа 5

Передайте наступнi наративнi речення у непрямiй мовi.

1. He said, “I have just received a letter from my uncle.” 2. Our teacher said, “Thackeray’s novels are very interesting.” 3. I said, “I have been in London for a fortnight’s holiday. My friends in London sometimes invite me to spend my leisure time with them.” 4. He said to me, “I want to see you today.” 5. “If Mary arrives before seven, bring her to our house for the evening,” said Jane to Henry. 6. “I am going to the theatre tonight,” he said to me. 7. She said, “You will read this book in the 9th form.” 8. Nick said, “I have never been to London. I think I will go there next year.” 9. She said, “I am free tonight”. 10. “Don’t wait until I come. As soon as you finish the exercises, begin playing volleyball,” said the PT teacher to the pupils. 11. Mike said, “I spoke to Mr. Brown this morning.” 12. Nellie said, “I read Jane Eyre last year.” 13. He said, “I will not stay with my friends too long.” 14. Mother said to me, “I feel bad today.” 15. “As soon as Robert appears, ask him where he put the dictionary,” said Mary to her mother.



Вправа 6

Передайте наступнi наративнi речення у непрямiй мовi.

1. He said to her, “I will do it today if I have time.” 2. “My friend lives in Toronto,” said Alec. 3. He said to me, “They are staying at the Grand Hotel Europe.” 4. The pupil said to the teacher, “I can do my homework after dinner.” 5. I said to them, “I can give you my uncle’s address.” 6. “You have not done your work well,” the teacher said to me. 7. He said, “They are leaving next Monday.” 8. The teacher said to Jack, “You work hard, I know. You are a good boy.” 9. The poor man said to the rich man, “My horse is wild. It can kill your horse.” 10. The clerk said to them, “You can leave the key with the maid upstairs.” 11. The old man said to the girl, “You can sing perfectly well. I think you will be a famous singer.” 12. The rich man said to the judge, “This man’s horse has killed my horse.” 13. My sister said to me, “You look very well, much better than you looked yesterday. I think you have recovered after your illness.” 14. “You are an excellent cook. Everything is so tasty,” my guest said to me. 15. The student said, “I can’t answer this question. I don’t understand it.”



Вправа 7

Передайте наступнi наративнi речення у непрямiй мовi. Вживайте будь-який iменник або займенник у ролi пiдмета головного речення.

1. I will come as soon as I am ready. 2. There will be an interesting lecture at our school tomorrow. One of our teachers will speak about Charles Dickens. 3. You will know that I have gone to the concert if I am not at home by eight. 4. Last year I spent my summer vacation in the Caucasus. 5. I’ll come to the Philharmonic with you if you get the tickets. 6. I came to live in this town several years ago. 7. Five years ago there were no people living here at all. 8. I’ll be reading you a story until it is time to go to bed. 9. I will go skiing on Sunday if I have time. 10. I have read all about it in today’s newspaper. 11. They finished building this house only last week. 12. It’s not funny if there is no money, sonny. 13. It will be so pleasant when Tom comes home. 14. I will do it now if you like. 15. My brother was here early today. 16. It’s a pity you didn’t come earlier.



Вправа 8

Вiдновiть пряму мову у наступних реченнях.

1. Tom said he would go to see the doctor the next day. 2. I asked if they had taken the sick man to hospital. 3. He told me he was ill. 4. I asked my friend if he had a headache. 5. He told me he had fallen ill. 6. I wanted to know when he had fallen ill. 7. They told me that Tom had not come to school the day before. 8. I wondered if he had taken his temperature. 9. I told my sister that she might catch a cold. 10. I asked him if the doctor had given him some medicine. I asked him if he was feeling better now. 11. She told me she had caught a cold.



Вправа 9

Вiдновiть пряму мову у наступних реченнях.

1. I asked the man how long he had been in Toronto. 2. Не said that while crossing the English Channel they had stayed on deck all the time. 3. I asked him if he was going to a ski resort in Colorado. 4. The woman said she had felt sick while crossing the Channel. 5. We asked the girl if her father was still in Toronto. 6. She said she was feeling bad that day. 7. I asked the girl what sort of work her father did. 8. The old man told the doctor that he had pain in his right side. 9. He said he had just been examined by a good doctor. 10. He said he would not come to school until Monday. 11. The man said he had spent a month at a seaside resort. 12. He said that his health had greatly improved since then.





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