Книга - Collins Gem

Collins Gem
Collins Dictionaries


You will never be lost for words in your travels around Japan again! Your ideal travel companion will ensure that you can say what you need in Japanese with ease and confidence.Reliable and easy-to-use, this phrasebook is an indispensable travel companion as you deal with the situations that crop up every day on holiday; from finding a chic hotel, or hiring a car to explore the countryside, to choosing a local delicacy from the menu, and, of course, setting up your wifi.With helpful travel information and cultural tips, plus a 3000-word dictionary, make sure you don’t go anywhere without this little ebook – an essential guide to speaking and understanding Japanese when travelling in Japan.













Copyright

HarperCollins Publishers

Westerhill Road

Bishopbriggs

Glasgow G64 2QT

Third Edition 2017

© HarperCollins Publishers 2007, 2010, 2017

Source ISBN: 9780008135928

Ebook Edition © March 2017 ISBN: 9780008230098

Version: 2017-02-01

Collins® and Collins Gem® are registered trademarks of HarperCollins Publishers Limited

www.collinsdictionary.com (http://www.collinsdictionary.com)

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins.

Entered words that we have reason to believe constitute trademarks have been designated as such. However, neither the presence nor absence of such designation should be regarded as affecting the legal status of any trademark.

The contents of this publication are believed correct at the time of creation. Nevertheless the Publisher can accept no responsibility for errors or omissions, changes in the detail given or for any expense or loss thereby caused.

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HarperCollinsPublishers has made every reasonable effort to ensure that any picture content and written content in this ebook has been included or removed in accordance with the contractual and technological constraints in operation at the time of publication.


Acknowledgements

We would like to thank those authors and publishers who kindly gave permission for copyright material to be used in the Collins Corpus. We would also like to thank Times Newspapers Ltd for providing valuable data.

If you would like to comment on any aspect of this book, please contact us at the given address or online.

E-mail: dictionaries@harpercollins.co.uk (mailto:dictionaries@harpercollins.co.uk)




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Editor

Holly Tarbet

Contributors

Tessa Carroll

Harumi Currie

Miyoko Yamashita

For the Publisher

Gerry Breslin

Janice McNeillie


Using your phrasebook

Whether you’re on holiday or on business, your Collins Gem Phrasebook and Dictionary is designed to help you locate the exact phrase you need, when you need it. You’ll also gain the confidence to go beyond what is in the book, as you can adapt the phrases by using the dictionary section to substitute your own words.

The Gem Phrasebook and Dictionary includes:

• Over 60 topics arranged thematically, so that you can easily find an expression to suit the situation

• Simple pronunciation which accompanies each word and phrase, to make sure you are understood when speaking aloud

• Tips to safeguard against any cultural faux pas, providing the essential dos and don’ts of local customs or etiquette

• A basic grammar section which will help you to build on your phrases

• FACE TO FACE dialogue sections to give you a flavour of what to expect from a real conversation

• YOU MAY HEAR sections for common announcements and messages, so that you don’t miss important information when out and about

• A dictionary with over 1,000 words and their translations, to ensure you’ll never be stuck for something to say

• A short chapter of LIFELINE phrases for quick reference. These basic words and phrases will be essential to your time abroad

Before you jet off, it’s worth spending time looking through the topics to see what is covered and becoming familiar with pronunciation.


Contents

Copyright

Acknowledgements

Using your phrasebook

Pronouncing Japanese

Top ten tips

Talking to people

Hello/goodbye, yes/no (#ulink_63092195-7965-58ad-aab2-9af966d8207e)

Key phrases (#ulink_d1bfdccb-ad0d-5aca-bae4-9c338821f03d)

Work (#ulink_c3bccf5c-2999-51b4-bd34-a06396e8dc80)

Weather (#ulink_84ead249-3b2e-5083-b622-fec3cf818d71)

Getting around

Asking the way (#ulink_312a40e9-436c-530a-89bf-55f77a426703)

Bus and coach (#ulink_e956b68a-b932-5792-a170-b57b848b0f12)

Metro (#ulink_0d9fbf15-81b1-5078-8070-2d284529ee4e)

Train (#ulink_1bbd5da0-8dda-522a-98b0-7dfe14c31c6a)

Taxi (#ulink_05b798a8-5244-5596-83d7-66f288d608b2)

Boat and ferry (#ulink_fe1f7c95-643d-57df-9677-c0f0b4003197)

Air travel (#ulink_c62f95c7-54f4-582f-b5f2-61a8f085473c)

Customs control (#ulink_b70640b5-21d4-556a-a3bf-4c0a96259ba2)

Car hire (#ulink_b717e9a4-8a41-542f-a14f-19b19d030c34)

Driving (#ulink_642e367e-df0a-55f5-a520-faef7e11e6ba)

Petrol (#ulink_91fb0b53-ce1c-54a2-82f3-240944cd8cf2)

Breakdown (#ulink_fcad4272-7f5e-531a-aaca-758fb2929142)

Car parts (#ulink_9463cba6-a069-5d0c-948c-78772deefb4f)

Road signs (#ulink_9a1312e3-1985-5c9c-a686-cf31d3017323)

Staying somewhere

Hotel (booking) (#ulink_0b99dfb2-6488-5dc5-acdc-c84fba1305e6)

Hotel desk (#ulink_a1c58ff2-7a91-56a5-a9a8-a60df7dcafca)

Camping (#ulink_28152791-ab4f-5ef9-8912-8e50a91170b0)

Self-catering (#ulink_4bea0bec-3f1a-5026-b945-ea49cb653e35)

Shopping

Shopping phrases (#litres_trial_promo)

Shops (#litres_trial_promo)

Food (general) (#litres_trial_promo)

Food (fruit and veg) (#litres_trial_promo)

Clothes (#litres_trial_promo)

Clothes (articles) (#litres_trial_promo)

Maps and guides (#litres_trial_promo)

Post office (#litres_trial_promo)

Technology (#litres_trial_promo)

Leisure

Sightseeing and tourist office (#litres_trial_promo)

Entertainment (#litres_trial_promo)

Nightlife (#litres_trial_promo)

Leisure/interests (#litres_trial_promo)

Hot springs/public baths (#litres_trial_promo)

Music (#litres_trial_promo)

Theatre/opera (#litres_trial_promo)

Sport (#litres_trial_promo)

Walking (#litres_trial_promo)

Communications

Telephone and mobile (#litres_trial_promo)

Messaging (#litres_trial_promo)

Internet (#litres_trial_promo)

Practicalities

Money (#litres_trial_promo)

Paying (#litres_trial_promo)

Luggage (#litres_trial_promo)

Repairs (#litres_trial_promo)

Laundry (#litres_trial_promo)

Complaints (#litres_trial_promo)

Problems (#litres_trial_promo)

Emergencies (#litres_trial_promo)

Health

Pharmacy (#litres_trial_promo)

Body (#litres_trial_promo)

Doctor (#litres_trial_promo)

Dentist (#litres_trial_promo)

Eating out

Food in Japan (#litres_trial_promo)

In a bar/café (#litres_trial_promo)

Menu reader

Reading the menu (#litres_trial_promo)

In a restaurant (#litres_trial_promo)

Dietary requirements (#litres_trial_promo)

Wines (#litres_trial_promo)

Reference

Measurements and quantities (#litres_trial_promo)

Numbers (#litres_trial_promo)

Days and months (#litres_trial_promo)

Time (#litres_trial_promo)

Time phrases (#litres_trial_promo)

Public holidays (#litres_trial_promo)

Signs and notices (#litres_trial_promo)

Pronouncing place names (#litres_trial_promo)

Grammar

Dictionary

English – Japanese (#litres_trial_promo)

A (#litres_trial_promo) – C (#litres_trial_promo)

D (#litres_trial_promo) – F (#litres_trial_promo)

G (#litres_trial_promo) – I (#litres_trial_promo)

J (#litres_trial_promo) – L (#litres_trial_promo)

M (#litres_trial_promo) – O (#litres_trial_promo)

P (#litres_trial_promo) – R (#litres_trial_promo)

S (#litres_trial_promo) – U (#litres_trial_promo)

V (#litres_trial_promo) – Z (#litres_trial_promo)

LIFELINE words and phrases

About the Publisher


Pronouncing Japanese (#ulink_63f07ff7-7339-563a-9802-840e2defb52e)



Although the Japanese writing system is rather complicated, pronouncing Japanese is easy once you know the few basic rules. This book has been designed so that as you read the pronunciation of the phrases, you can follow the Japanese. This will help you to recognize the different sounds and give you a feeling for the rhythm of the language. Below are a few rules for you to note.

In Japanese the basic unit of speech is the syllable. Each syllable is pronounced approximately the same length and rather flatly. Japanese has a pitched accent (high and low) but syllables do not have tones as they do in Chinese. It is more important not to stress any one part of a word. For example, in English the word Paris is pronounced paris and in French paree. Japanese gives equal strength to both syllables: pari.

Japanese has relatively few sounds. Each vowel has only one sound.

Japanese vowels








Long vowel sounds






15 basic consonants



k, s, sh, t, ts, ch, n, h, m, y, r, w, g, z, d, b, p, n/m Each consonant is followed by one vowel to create a syllable as in




These consonants are close to their English equivalents but note the following:

g is pronounced as in golf, not as in Germany y is pronounced as in young, not as in cry.

The consonant n/m, which appears at the end of the list above, counts as a syllable in its own right. It is pronounced like the nasal n in sing when it appears at the end of words, e.g. en ‘yen’, and before most other sounds, e.g. onsen ‘hot spring’. Before p, b and m, it sounds more like m and is therefore written here as m, e.g. shimbun ‘newspaper’. When n appears before a vowel or y, it is written as n’ to distinguish it from the syllables beginning with n, e.g. kin’en ‘non-smoking’ compared with kinen ‘commemoration’.

Since Japanese lacks the consonants l and v, foreign loanwords with these letters are pronounced with r and b, respectively. Thus, English words ‘love’ and ‘rub’ both become indistinguishable as ra-bu in Japanese.

Japanese also lacks the si sound (as in ‘to sit’): shi is used instead, sometimes with embarrassing results! Other English sounds that do not exist in Japanese are hu (as in ‘hook’: fu is used instead); th (as in ‘thin’: shi is used instead); and ti (as in ‘tin’: chi is used instead).

Double consonants kk, pp, ss and tt are written before a vowel, which indicates a pause equivalent to one syllable in length before that consonant. The sound before the pause tends to become sharper than at other times.








ki, shi, chi, ni, hi, mi, ri, gi, ji, bi and pi sounds can be combined with ya, yu or yo to create combined syllables. For example, ki + ya become kya, ki + yu become kyu and ki + yo become kyo. Examples of this can be found in the words Tookyoo and Kyooto, where the combined syllable is pronounced as two sounds, but said very quickly with the same length as one syllable.








In the case of the chi syllable, a double consonant sound is written as tchi as in the example above.

You should also remember that Japanese does not have a silent e at the end of a word such as in the English ‘to take’. If ‘take’ is read as the Japanese word take (bamboo), it should be pronounced tah-keh. Similarly sake (rice wine), is pronounced sah-keh, etc.

However, the vowel u at the end of a word such as desu will sound very weak.


Top ten tips (#ulink_b571ebd0-67c2-5086-881d-61a807a97a9b)



1 Always remember to remove your shoes before entering someone’s home. Before stepping on tatami matting, slippers must also be removed. Slippers must be changed when going to the toilet. Remember not to leave the toilet still wearing the toilet slippers, as it would be very embarrassing!

2 Always make sure that you do not have any holes in your socks or tights, as you may have to take your shoes off unexpectedly.

3 Shaking hands is uncommon in Japan; Japanese people greet each other by bowing. However, foreigners are sometimes greeted with a handshake.

4Sumimasen is a word with many purposes: it can be used to attract someone’s attention before making a request, or to get past people on a crowded train. It can also be used to say ‘sorry’.

5 Credit cards are only accepted in the more expensive hotels, shops and restaurants.

6 If you receive a gift from a Japanese visitor, ask if you can open it before doing so. If you are invited to a Japanese person’s house, make sure you take a gift-wrapped present with you.

7 You can only buy cigarettes and alcohol if you are over 20 years of age. You will be asked to produce ID to prove your age.

8 Japanese people tend not to use assertive words such as ‘yes’ and ‘no’. Good alternatives are ii desu ne, which literally means ‘that sounds good’, for ‘yes’ and chotto for ‘no’.

9 Cleanliness is important to Japanese people. Never drop or leave rubbish.

10 It’s advisable that you carry proof of identity at all times, so make sure that you always have your passport with you.


Talking to people (#ulink_a58982fe-0510-5a38-881d-933bbd9ea3cc)


Hello/goodbye, yes/no (#ulink_1aec1428-cb97-54a1-8942-b8b45e7fe936)



In Japanese there is no exact equivalent for the word ‘hello’ – different greeting words are used based on the time of the day. Similarly, the word chotto (whose literal meaning is ‘a bit’) is influenced by body language: if said with one’s head slightly tilted, it means ‘no’.




Bowing おじぎ ojigi



Japanese people bow to express their respect and appreciation. People bow along with greetings, words of appreciation or apologies. The strength of the respect, gratitude or apology, dictates how low your bow should be.


Key phrases (#ulink_4da86955-c98f-56f1-a71f-b3294d833a42)



There are no genders, articles or singular/plural forms in Japanese. Different counters are used together with numbers.





Work (#ulink_da06fdad-94de-5039-a72c-9df865ddcae1)



Japanese people tend to tell you where they work rather than what they do.





Weather (#ulink_927342eb-9169-5860-bcc4-27839e84c615)












Getting around (#ulink_18bb148c-b321-5e1d-9edd-f59d766b12dd)


Asking the way (#ulink_38b5a035-2786-52d2-825e-a20e159b7441)






















Bus and coach (#ulink_741767c8-af19-51b5-9cc7-9a0e3dcdf4e2)



Places such as Kyoto have tourist day passes and bus route maps in English, which you can obtain at a bus station. Local buses usually board from the rear door, but if your journey is not covered by a flat fee you may need to pick up a numbered ticket. A board at the front of the bus displays the fares, based on the numbers. You will need to know your destination in Japanese characters. Some buses board from the front door and require you to pay as you enter. Tickets for long/middle distance coach trips, as well as express buses, are usually sold at the coach counter or ticketing machine.


















Public transport is free for up to two children under 6 when travelling with a paying adult. An elementary school pupil pays half price (aged between 7 and 12). Junior high (13 to 15) and senior high (16 to 18) school students are often given discounts too.


Metro (#ulink_8da6ed8c-e80a-5fb0-89dc-9e9e2166b424)



The Japanese metro and train services are clean, safe and run on time. You can find metro systems in the Tokyo area, as well as Sapporo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Kyoto, Osaka, and several other cities. You can either purchase a pre-paid card or an ordinary ticket from the ticketing machine. Silver seats are for elderly people or people with difficulties. Mobile phones need to be on silent and you must not talk in the carriage. In major cities, the rush hour crush can be really bad (between 7 and 9 am and 5 and 8 pm). Some trains have women-only carriages. The Japanese metro system is very similar to the one in London. Suika is like the Oyster card. The first thing you must do is obtain a metro map which indicates all the lines and stops.












Train (#ulink_f4f3da8a-f60b-5a67-bace-1b351051c65c)



You will find Midori no madoguchi (literally ‘Green Ticket Window’) in major train stations, where you can buy tickets and make seat bookings. You need to pay a supplement in order to use an express train. There are seven lines of Shinkansen, high-speed (bullet) train, and they serve areas from Hokkaido to Kyushu. It is expensive to travel around Japan using the Shinkansen, so a JR Pass could save you money. With this pass, you can cover a considerable distance around Japan. Details can be found at www.japanrailpass.net.








You can buy a Japan Rail Pass (JR Pass) Exchange Order in your own country, which needs to be exchanged for the Japan Rail Pass itself when you get to Japan. The stations where you can exchange the Order are shown on the back.












Taxi (#ulink_e6eb466f-1ad0-56b1-b509-9731d303c72c)



Japanese taxis are safe, clean and operate on meters. The basic fee is based on the vehicle size. For different sizes of taxi, you can ask for 小型 (kogata) for up to four passengers and 中型 (chuugata) for up to five. It can be rather expensive but there is no need to tip. There are taxi stands at stations and major hotels but taxis can also be hailed from the roadside. You can identify whether a taxi is available by the sign 空車 (kuusha) displayed in the front windscreen. All the doors are automatically operated by the driver. There are many regional taxi companies, and vehicles vary in colour depending on the company.





Boat and ferry (#ulink_1689dcaf-9459-5c8f-ae8c-a8fc8dbda8fa)



Japan Railways (JR) run ferry services on certain routes where the JR Pass can be used. There is a good ferry network in Japan linking the various islands. Ferries can be used as an alternative to trains if you wish to travel between the islands and have time to spare. During the holidays some lines can be very busy, so if you are driving it is advisable to book a place in advance.










Air travel (#ulink_21bb21e2-acf3-5154-bfa5-d247b15d1857)



At the airport, most signs are written in both Japanese and English. Most of the airport staff understand and speak some English. The three biggest airports are Narita, Kansai and Haneda. You can find airport details by visiting www.narita-airport.jp, www.kansai-airport.jp and www.haneda-airport.jp.

















Customs control (#ulink_4618a503-3ff1-5de8-9b55-2641957ca351)



UK, US, Canadian and Australian visitors to Japan do not require a visa for short business trips and holidays. During your stay, you are not allowed to work. It is advisable that you have proof of identity at all times, so make sure that you always carry your passport.












Car hire (#ulink_86742aa0-4a3e-545f-af78-e80a838b435c)



You must obtain an international driving permit prior to leaving your country. You also need to carry your own national licence while driving in Japan. You will be required to produce your international driving permit to rent a car.

















Driving (#ulink_dcc68290-dac8-5ebb-bf5e-0d9c5a4cc65c)







Petrol (#ulink_f1933f28-9919-5d66-b664-1465f2b3fad7)



In Japan, the majority of petrol stations are manned by attendants who not only fill up the tank for you but also wipe the windows and check the water. However, unmanned petrol stations have been on the rise recently and are cheaper than manned ones.

















Breakdown (#ulink_0dfddc23-7388-5cb9-8a73-8d91368a099a)



If you break down, the emergency telephone number for the Japanese equivalent of the AA (JAF – Japan Automobile Federation) is 0570-00-8139 or # (hash key) 8139





Car parts (#ulink_349f5ab7-a8eb-51d0-bae8-96eca9b184a3)










Road signs (#ulink_3e9b2801-6134-530d-b0cb-26792a784de9)








no thoroughfare






stopping permitted






drive slowly






closed to pedestrians






centre line






stop






bicycle crossing






pedestrian crossing






stop line






minimum speed






two-step right turn for motorcycles






safety zone


Staying somewhere (#ulink_b0842cf4-45a3-58fb-9f3e-3bd8429f55ac)


Hotel (booking) (#ulink_ec459eb1-f1d8-5ae5-8275-5a0891803fa6)



Japan offers a wide choice of places to stay, from western-style hotels to traditional Japanese inns. Capsule hotels offer minimum sleeping space on multiple levels, but have all the facilities and are good value for money.






















Hotel desk (#ulink_a72a4cc0-8706-5b51-a8b5-cbb1b19d0729)



The Japan National Tourist Organization and Tourist Information Centre can help with finding accommodation. Visit www.jnto.go.jp.





Camping (#ulink_f87ca5d2-d4a7-58fb-97a1-36c2a6ff7348)












Self-catering (#ulink_198db3cf-342e-5345-95ee-901110e5f1cb)



There are short-stay apartments in Japan called ‘weekly mansions’ and ‘monthly mansions’. These are somewhat upmarket, boutique stays. There are inexpensive self-catering accommodation options such as guest houses (gaijin). You’ll be able to find more information on www.japan-guide.com.








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