Книга - Short walks in the Lake District

Short walks in the Lake District
Collins Maps


Recommended for colour tablets only. This ebook is not suitable for reading on black and white eink devices. All content downloaded to device, making maps and text available at all times.The Lake District contains some of the most spectacular landscapes in Britain with superb walking areas.This guide, produced in co-operation with the Ramblers and featuring Ordnance Survey mapping, is the perfect way to really appreciate the landscapes of the Lake District.INCLUDES:• 20 easy to follow walks which can be completed in 3 hours and under.• Each walk has a detailed 1:25 000 Ordnance Survey map with the route clearly marked plus a detailed description of the route.• The walks have been chosen with issues like parking and refreshments in mind to make life easy for families.• Packed with colour photographs of scenes you will see along the walk.The perfect guide for afternoon walks near to Keswick, Windermere, Coniston, Grasmere and Ambleside.










Short Walks in

The Lake District









Guide to 20 easy walks





Contents


Cover (#u6a36c3be-9894-50b0-b255-c2aeb06afe96)

Title (#ubd49c8e8-545e-5576-bbbc-529440bea137)

Short Walk locations (#ue864370f-74c1-5d0a-9cd0-6d6f01e56641)

Introduction (#u4cd6a1c1-0864-5754-ba87-d3ac07f8b3c3)

How to use this book (#litres_trial_promo)







Short walks


walk 1: Round Loweswater (#litres_trial_promo)

4 miles (6.4km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 2: Round Buttermere (#litres_trial_promo)

4 miles (6.4km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 3: Derwent Water West Shore (#litres_trial_promo)

3 miles (4.8km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 4: Lodore, Watendlath & Ashness (#litres_trial_promo)

4½ miles (7.2km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 5: High Rigg (#litres_trial_promo)

4½ miles (7.2km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 6: Stonethwaite (#litres_trial_promo)

4 miles (6.4km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 7: Harrop Tarn (#litres_trial_promo)

2 miles (3.2km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 8: Aira Force (#litres_trial_promo)

2 miles (3.2km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 9: Glenridding & Greenside Mine (#litres_trial_promo)

3½ miles (5.6km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 10: Eskdale Ramble & Dalegarth Waterfalls (#litres_trial_promo)

4 miles (6.4km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 11: Devoke Water (#litres_trial_promo)

3 miles (4.8km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 12: Lower Duddon & Frith Hall (#litres_trial_promo)

5 miles (8km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 13: Blawith Common & Beacon Tarn (#litres_trial_promo)

3¾ miles (6km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 14: Torver Back Common & Coniston Water Shore (#litres_trial_promo)

3½ miles (5.6km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 15: Torver Low Common (#litres_trial_promo)

2½ miles (4km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 16: Glen Mary, Tarn Hows & Tom Heights (#litres_trial_promo)

3 miles (4.8km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 17: Tilberthwaite & Little Langdale (#litres_trial_promo)

4 miles (6.4km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 18: Holme Fell (#litres_trial_promo)

4 miles (6.4km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 19: Elterwater & the Waterfalls (#litres_trial_promo)

4½ miles (7.2km) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 20: Orrest Head (#litres_trial_promo)

2½ miles (4km) (#litres_trial_promo)



Photo credits (#litres_trial_promo)

Copyright (#litres_trial_promo)

About the Publisher (#litres_trial_promo)


(#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo) (#litres_trial_promo)

walk 1, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 2, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 3, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 4, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 5, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 6, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 7, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 8, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 9, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 10, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 11, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 12, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 13, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 14, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 15, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 16, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 17, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 18, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 19, (#litres_trial_promo)walk 20 (#litres_trial_promo)





Introduction










Walking in the Lake District


The Lake District has a huge variety of terrain for walkers of any age and ability which has helped to make it one of the most popular tourist destinations for over 100 years – low-level lakeside walks, exposed ridge walks, strolls through forests and thrilling mountain walks. Even at the height of summer when the towns and the more popular destinations are teeming with tourists it is still possible to get away from it all and find secluded areas where the magnificent countryside can be enjoyed in relative solitude. Always keep in mind that the weather can change rapidly and a lovely summer’s day can quickly change to a torrential downpour especially at higher altitudes. Scafell Pike at 3,209ft (978m) is the highest point in England and at 10½ miles (16.5km) in length Windermere is its longest lake.

Walking is a pastime which can fulfil the needs of everyone. You can adapt it to suit your own preferences and it is one of the healthiest of activities. This guide is for those who just want to walk a few miles. It really doesn’t take long to find yourself in some lovely countryside. All the walks are five miles or less so should easily be completed in under three hours. Walking can be anything from an individual pastime to a family stroll, or maybe a group of friends enjoying the fresh air and open spaces of our countryside. There is no need for walking to be competitive and, to get the most from a walk, it shouldn’t be regarded simply as a means of covering a given distance in the shortest possible time.




What is the Lake District?


What is seen now in the Lake District still reads historically from north to south. The mountains and hills of Skiddaw Slates which lie in a curving band, from the north to the west, are covered by carboniferous limestones and sandstones nearer the coast, and reappear to the southwest at Black Combe. Because much of this material is shaley and craggy outcrops seldom occur, the fells have angular outlines. Typically of course there is Skiddaw itself (3054ft/931m) with its neighbour Blencathra (2847ft/868m). The fells to the west of Derwentwater, Causey Pike and Grisedale Pike, are of the same material, and the rock is also very evident in the fells on the east side of Buttermere, to the north and west around Crummock Water and Loweswater as well as the northern end of Ennerdale Water. There is good soil depth on these rock forms which allows trees and heather to grow naturally.

In the central Lake District, roughly north-east to south-west are the high craggy fells of the Scafells, Great Gable, the Borrowdale fells, as well as Coniston Old Man in the south-west through the Langdales and Bowfell; and eastwards through Helvellyn to High Street. Here, the shallow acidic soils do not support a rich vegetation. The alpine plants are found mainly where springs leach the minerals to the surface. The deeper soils are often covered in bracken, very beautifully coloured in autumn, but useless to the hill farmers’ sheep. From another type of rock, formed from fine volcanic sediments in water, comes the famous green slate, still quarried and much in demand for its wearing and decorative qualities. It is used for the facings of prestigious buildings. The Honister Slate Mines on the Honister Pass closed in 1986 after three centuries of production. However, it reopened in 1997 as a working slate mine and has become one of the leading attractions in the Lake District.

In the south of the Lake District the soft slates and mudstones produce an acid soil in which trees and forests find root and regenerate quite readily. The typical scenery, much in evidence around Windermere, consists of rounded hills, often with a good deal of tree cover. The Forestry Commission’s largest forest, at Grizedale is also in this area.

Before there was a substantial human settlement the whole area was covered in forest. This has been removed over a period of 4,000 years. Much of it was destroyed from early Elizabethan times up to the end of the 19th century to provide charcoal for iron furnaces. The increase in sheep grazing has meant that regeneration has been impossible. Much of the woodland and forest we now see was planted within the last century and a half. The lack of tree cover in many places has accelerated erosion and impoverished the soil.









Geology


The history of the Lake District over the last 530 million years can be seen in the landscape at the present time.

The oldest rocks are the Skiddaw Slates. These were formed from sediments of gravel, grit and mud laid down in a shallow sea and later subjected to great pressure. Their age is usually put into the Ordovician period some 530 million years ago. Most of this rock series now resembles shale rather than slate. It is minutely jointed and with the action of weather and frost has broken down into small flakes.

After the deposition of the Skiddaw Slates came several millions of years of volcanic action. Lava burst out from below the surface and flowed over the landscape. Explosions threw out hot ‘bombs’ of rock. Ash settled to huge depths. All this mass of varied material settled to a depth of up to 2 miles (3km) and formed what are known as the Borrowdale Volcanic series of rocks.

After that the whole area was covered by a shallow sea, and erosion material, at first calcareous, then huge amounts of grit and mud settled in layers to a depth of 2½ miles (4km). This was in the Silurian period between 440 and 410 million years ago.

It can be imagined that the then lakeless Lake District consisted of three very thick layers of material each on top of the other. During the Devonian period the earth’s crust was subject to extreme movement. The area was thrust upwards into a dome. Each of the rock types reacted differently according to the position of the centre of the thrust. Once the upper layers were fractured, for instance, the more malleable Skiddaw Slate beneath was pushed through to a great height, then hot sandstorms and heavy rains wore down the upper layers. Much of Skiddaw Slates’ topmost parts, and a substantial area of the Silurian rocks were swept away. In the central parts the much harder Borrowdale Volcanics were left exposed. Therefore the Skiddaw Slates were left uppermost in the north, the Volcanics in the centre, and the Silurian to the south.

From 345 to 280 million years ago there followed the Carboniferous period. The area was again covered by a sea rich in life. The central part of the district probably remained as an island. The deposits in this sea formed the carboniferous limestone. Subsequently much of this was swept away leaving a rim around the Lake District. The Permo Trias period followed; the area became hot and arid. The desert sands of this time were later solidified into the New Red Sandstone, which again was mainly swept away from the central dome.

The Tertiary period, 65 million years ago brought new upheavals to the planet. This ‘Alpine’ movement produced the Alps, the Himalayas and the Andes. Again the Lake District’s dome was raised high. Fracture lines appeared, in general radiating from the centre, but varying in direction according to the reaction of the material. These formed the basis of the valley patterns we know today.

The next great catastrophe was nearer our own time. About one a half million years ago the climate changed dramatically and the whole of the northern hemisphere was covered in ice. The subsequent movement and melting of the ice hollowed out the valleys and lake beds, and swept away vegetation. The heavy rainstorms later moved any remaining loose material. Thus the dales were sculpted and the lakes were formed.




Wildlife in the Lake District


Because of the huge variety of landscapes to be found in a relatively small area, there are diverse habitats for flora and fauna to thrive. Many different types of grassland, upland heath and mires are designated areas of habitat conservation and protected plant species include juniper and the slender green feather-moss. There are several National Nature Reserves, over 100 Sites of Special Scientific Interest and many other conservation areas.

There are different types of grassland to be found, the species supported being determined by the quality of the soil and the climate. The old fashioned hay meadow is rich in various species of wild flowers and butterflies.

The moorlands of the mountains and fells are carpeted in plant species such as heather and sphagnum moss, commonly called peat moss due to its abundance in bogs and mires. Red grouse can be found on the moorland.

The Lake District supports several endangered species of fish. The vendace was to be found at 4 locations in Britain – two in Scotland and in Bassenthwaite Lake and Derwent Water. However there has not been a recorded sighting in Bassenthwaite since 2001 and they have died out on the Scottish lochs leaving only Derwent Water. The schelly is still to be found in Brothers Water, Haweswater, Red Tarn and Ullswater, and the arctic char, which, although still rare, is a little more commonplace being found in several of the lakes. Cormorant nesting was prevented by repeated disturbance in 1999 and 2000 in Haweswater in an attempt to protect the schelly. Goosander, goldeneye, tufted duck, dipper, grey wagtail and sandpiper can be seen on the lakes and waterways.

The Environment Agency introduced new fisheries bylaws in 2002 regarding the use of freshwater fish as bait in an attempt to protect the fish stocks. The introduction of non-native fish can lead to devastation of native species because of competition for food and spread of disease. A major problem has been found with ruffe which eat the eggs of vendace – they have a long incubation period and are therefore particularly vulnerable.

Numbers of native red squirrels have been dwindling throughout Britain over the last 100 years ever since the grey squirrel arrived from North America. They are more timid and smaller than the greys and lose in the competition for food. A sighting is always an exciting occurrence.

In 2001 ospreys returned to the Lake District after 150 years. A pair spend their winters in Africa but have returned each Spring since then to breed on the hillside around Bassenthwaite Lake. There are now two viewpoints at Dodd Wood north of Keswick, as they recently moved the site of their nest to the opposite side of the lake – a very unusual occurrence as the same site can be used by generations of osprey.

Haweswater was home to England’s only pair of Golden Eagles but the female disappeared in 2004 and has not been seen since although sightings of the male are still made.




The Lake District National Park


The Lake District National Park is the largest of the National Parks in England and Wales, with 866 square miles (2242 sq km). The first strongly organised pressure for National Parks and access to mountains came during the 1920s and 1930s when walking and mountaineering became popular pastimes and access to open country in some parts of Britain was much restricted. The outbreak of war postponed progress, and following the reports of John Dower on the need, and the Hobhouse Committee’s recommendations on implementation, an Act, The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949, was passed. ‘People need the refreshment which is obtainable from the beauty and quietness of unspoilt country’. The provision for those needs of the people, and the protection from spoilation, were written into the Act.

In many countries of the world National Parks are areas of wilderness hardly influenced by man, and the land of these parks is owned by the nation or state. There is no true wilderness left in Britain. The ‘natural’ beauty of the landscape reflects the pattern of husbandry, and with so many owning and making a living from the land nationalisation of it was not contemplated. A British National Park is a defined area of unspoilt countryside, usually with some wild, if not wilderness, country, which is specially protected from unsuitable development; public access for its enjoyment is secured, and due regard made for the needs of the local community.

The National Park authority must exercise planning control, but must also provide information and ranger services. In 1969 England’s first National Park Visitor Centre was set up at Brockhole in Windermere and is an excellent starting point for exploration of the National Park.

The National Trust and the Lake District National Park Authority work closely with other large landowners, the Forestry Commission and the Water Authority, to provide protected public access unrivalled anywhere else in Britain. It is indeed as Wordsworth said ‘a sort of national property’ for those ‘with eyes to perceive and hearts to enjoy’.









Walking tips & guidance

Safety


As with all other outdoor activities, walking is safe provided a few simple commonsense rules are followed:

• Make sure you are fit enough to complete the walk;

• Always try to let others know where you intend going, especially if you are walking alone;

• Be clothed adequately for the weather and always wear suitable footwear;

• Always allow plenty of time for the walk, especially if it is longer or harder than you have done before;

• Whatever the distance you plan to walk, always allow plenty of daylight hours unless you are absolutely certain of the route;

• If mist or bad weather come on unexpectedly, do not panic but instead try to remember the last certain feature which you have passed (road, farm, wood, etc.). Then work out your route from that point on the map but be sure of your route before continuing;

• Do not dislodge stones on the high edges: there may be climbers or other walkers on the lower crags and slopes;

• Unfortunately, accidents can happen even on the easiest of walks. If this should be the case and you need the help of others, make sure that the injured person is safe in a place where no further injury is likely to occur. For example, the injured person should not be left on a steep hillside or in danger from falling rocks. If you have a mobile phone and there is a signal, call for assistance. If, however, you are unable to contact help by mobile and you cannot leave anyone with the injured person, and even if they are conscious, try to leave a written note explaining their injuries and whatever you have done in the way of first aid treatment. Make sure you know exactly where you left them and then go to find assistance. Make your way to a telephone, dial 999 and ask for the police or mountain rescue. Unless the accident has happened within easy access of a road, it is the responsibility of the police to arrange evacuation. Always give accurate directions on how to find the casualty and, if possible, give an indication of the injuries involved;

• When walking in open country, learn to keep an eye on the immediate foreground while you admire the scenery or plan the route ahead. This may sound difficult but will enhance your walking experience;

• It’s best to walk at a steady pace, always on the flat of the feet as this is less tiring. Try not to walk directly up or downhill. A zigzag route is a more comfortable way of negotiating a slope. Running directly downhill is a major cause of erosion on popular hillsides;

• When walking along a country road, walk on the right, facing the traffic. The exception to this rule is, when approaching a blind bend, the walker should cross over to the left and so have a clear view and also be seen in both directions;

• Finally, always park your car where it will not cause inconvenience to other road users or prevent a farmer from gaining access to his fields. Take any valuables with you or lock them out of sight in the car.




Equipment


Equipment, including clothing, footwear and rucksacks, is essentially a personal thing and depends on several factors, such as the type of activity planned, the time of year, and weather likely to be encountered.

All too often, a novice walker will spend money on a fashionable jacket but will skimp when it comes to buying footwear or a comfortable rucksack. Blistered and tired feet quickly remove all enjoyment from even the most exciting walk and a poorly balanced rucksack will soon feel as though you are carrying a ton of bricks. Well designed equipment is not only more comfortable but, being better made, it is longer lasting.

Clothing should be adequate for the day. In summer, remember to protect your head and neck, which are particularly vulnerable in a strong sun and use sun screen. Wear light woollen socks and lightweight boots or strong shoes. A spare pullover and waterproofs carried in the rucksack should, however, always be there in case you need them.

Winter wear is a much more serious affair. Remember that once the body starts to lose heat, it becomes much less efficient. Jeans are particularly unsuitable for winter wear and can sometimes even be downright dangerous.

Waterproof clothing is an area where it pays to buy the best you can afford. Make sure that the jacket is loose-fitting, windproof and has a generous hood. Waterproof overtrousers will not only offer complete protection in the rain but they are also windproof. Do not be misled by flimsy nylon ‘showerproof’ items. Remember, too, that garments made from rubberised or plastic material are heavy to carry and wear and they trap body condensation. Your rucksack should have wide, padded carrying straps for comfort.

It is important to wear boots that fit well or shoes with a good moulded sole – blisters can ruin any walk! Woollen socks are much more comfortable than any other fibre. Your clothes should be comfortable and not likely to catch on twigs and bushes.

It is important to carry a compass, preferably one of the ‘Silva’ type as well as this guide. A smaller scale map covering a wider area can add to the enjoyment of a walk. Binoculars are not essential but are very useful for spotting distant stiles and give added interest to viewpoints and wildlife. Although none of the walks in this guide venture too far from civilisation, on a hot day even the shortest of walks can lead to dehydration so a bottle of water is advisable.





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