Читать онлайн книгу "COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2"
Warning: mb_convert_encoding(): Unable to detect character encoding in /var/www/u2150601/data/www/ae-books.online/read.php on line 114
COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2
, , , , , , , SARS-CoV-2 . , SISET, ISTH, AIFA, NIH, SIMG, RCPCH, RCOG, NICE. , , , , COVID-19 , COVID-19. 2023 .
COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2
,2023
ISBN978-5-0059-8873-7
Ridero
, COVID-19
à
Ҡ
Ԡ
Ҡ
ˠ
Ϡ
Ǡ
ݠ
Ҡ -
Ѡ
Ѡ
͠
Ҡ -
Ԡ
Ѡ
ˠ
Ҡ
Ϡ
Ϡ
Ҡ
ʠ
à -
Ϡ
à
ݠ
̠
Ѡ -
Ѡ
Р
(RNA)
Ġ
Ġ
Ǡ
Ƞ
Ơ
Ϡ
Ϡ
ˠ
Ѡ
Ġ
Ѡ
à
Π
aOR adjusted Odds Ratio
aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time ( )
AB0
ACE2 ngiotensin-converting enzyme2
ADCC Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
ADCP antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis
AIFA Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco
AKI acute kidney injury
ARB angiotensin receptor blockers
ARDS -
ART
ATI acute tubular injury
BAL
BCG Bacillus Calmette-Gurin
Bi-PAP bilevel positive airway pressure
BMJ British Medical Journal
BSL3 3
CAPA , COVID-19
CKD chronic kidney disease
CLEIA chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay
COVID-19 COronaVIrus Disease19
CPAP
CRISPR clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
CRP -
CTD C-terminal domain
CVD cardiovascular disease
CVST
CXCL8 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand8
CXR
DOAC
DPI
ECMO
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EMA
EMT epithelial-mesenchymal transition
EUA
EUL Emergency use listing
FA
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FFP filtering facepiece
FiO2
GCS Glasgow
GDG Guideline Development Group
GDS Geriatric Depression Scale
GLP1 glucagon-like peptide1
GOLD Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease
GSCF Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
HAT human airway trypsinlike protease
HCoV Human Coronavirus
HE
HFNC
HFNO
HIPA -
HIT -
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HR hazard ratio
IBD inflammatory bowel disease
ICU
IFN
IFR Infection Fatality Ratio
IgM M
IL
ILI Immune-mediated liver injury
INR international normalized ratio
INS idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
IOIBD International Organization for the Study ofIBD
IP10 interferon-inducible protein
IPB
ISPED Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology
ISTH International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
IQR
JAKs Janus kinase inhibitors
KL-6 KREBS Von Den Lungen-6
LDH
LFIA lateral flow immunoassay
LUTS lower urinary tract symptoms
mAb
miR micro-RNA
mRNA
MAFLD metabolic-associated fatty liver disease
MAIT Mucosal-associated invariantT
MAP
MBL mannose binding lectin
MCP1 Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein1
MDA5 melanoma differentiation-associated gene5
MDT multidisciplinaryteam
MERS
MEWS Modified Early Warning Score
MFG
MHPSS mental health and psychosocial support
MIP1A macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha
MIS-C Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome inchildren and adolescents temporally related toCOVID-19
MPV mean platelet volume
MR-proADM Mid-regional proadrenomedullin
MSC
nsp
NAAT Nucleic Acid AmplificationTest
NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
NET Neutrophil extracellulartrap
NEWS2 National Early Warning Scores
NGS next-generation sequencing
NICE National Institute ofHealth and Clinical Excellence
NIV non-invasive ventilation
NK natural killer
NMDA N--D-
NPPV Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
NTD N-terminal domain
NYHA New York Heart Association
NXP2 nuclear matrix protein2
OR Odds Ratio
ORF Open Reading Frame
PaO2
PAPR Powered Air Purifying Respirator
PASC post-acute sequelae ofCOVID-19
PBW predicted body weight
PDE5 phosphodiesterase type5
PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure
PEWS Paediatric Early Warning Scores
PF4 4
PICS post-intensive care syndrome
PLR Platelet?to?lymphocyte ratio
POC Point-of-care
PPCI primary percutaneous coronary intervention
PPI proton pump inhibitor
PrEP pre-exposure prophylaxis
PRES posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
PSV Pressure Support Ventilation
PT
PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder
PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids
PVR-SAE potentially vaccine-related serious adverse event
PVS post-VAC syndrome
RAAS Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
RBD Receptor-binding domain
RCOG Royal College ofObstetricians and Gynecologists
RCPCH Royal College ofPaediatrics and Child Health
RCT
RdRp RNA polimerasi RNA-dipendente
RDT rapid diagnostictest
RDW red blood cell distribution width
RNA
ROX , /FiO2,
RPA/RAA recombinase polymerase amplification/Recombinase-aided amplification
RT-PCR
SAGE Strategic Advisory Group ofExperts on Immunization
SAR Secondary attackrate
SARI
SARS
SARS-CoV-2 2
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SGLT2 Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2
SGTF S gene target failure
SIC sepsis-induced coagulopathy
SIIA
SIMG Societ? Italiana di Medicina Generale e delle Cure primarie
SISET Societ? Italiana per lo Studio dellEmostasi e della Trombosi
SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
SpO2
SSE Superspreading events
STEMI ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
TAPSE Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion
TGF-?
TGM/CGM Tixagevimab/cilgavimab
TIMI Thrombolysis inMyocardial Infarction
TLR2 toll-like2receptor
TMPRSS2 Transmembrane Serine Protease2
TNF-?
TREM-1 Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1
UFH
VATTS Vaccine-associated Thrombosis and Thrombocytopaenic Syndrome
VE Vaccine effectiveness
VITT vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia
VKA vitamin K antagonists
VOC variant ofconcern
VOI variant ofinterest
VTE
VUI variant under investigation
VZV varicella zoster virus
+ssRNA Positive-Sense Single-StrandedRNA
, SARS-CoV-2 2023. . , , , , . , , , , COVID-19, long COVID, , SARS-CoV-2, , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , . , SISET, ISTH, AIFA, NIH, SIMG, RCPCH, RCOG, NICE, SIIA, ISPED, GOLD. , , , , , , , COVID-19, , .
PubMed covid19 pathology, covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 20202023. PubMed SARS-CoV-2 02.02.23. , , 2021. 12000 , . . , . /, , / COVID-19 .
: bias; , COVID . , (ACapodici, 2022) , COVID. , , , - . , , . , Yanfei Li, 2021, , 243 12,3% , 25,9% 61,7% . [683] , , , , , , , . (X L Ang, 2021) I. Skafle et al., 2022, 3 : , . , , ; SARS-CoV-2.
S Zhao, 2023, , , , , . . : 2,5% 55,4% .
, , , , , . , , , COVID-19. , COVID-19 .
, , , , SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19, ( , , / ), . , , / . , , .
.
2023.
. -, 2016. 2018 ( ). 20122013. ( ). 2021. Universit? degli Studi di Perugia . , ; , 38-UA . 2020. Ȼ, (COVID-19). 2020 COVID-19: Condividiamo? Coronavirus, non solo una sfida clinica , , , , . - 2020ࠖ ( Contact tracing COVID-19) COVID-19 . 2021ࠖ COVID-19: AstraZeneca . 30, : XXIV , VI ӻ, PainControl .
I.
(Wuhan) 25 2019 [1]. 11 2020 SARS-CoV-2( 2019-nCoV). , , . 1 2020.
, , SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV . 41 8 2019. 2 2020.[2]
, , . , . (, ), (, , ). e , .
4 2023 761.402.282 COVID-19, 6.887.000. , 25673442, 188933 [3] (.. 379 [4]).
229 2023 20 114000 . 2023. - , .
, 2020.
, 229 2023., : (-81%), - (-71%), (-63%), (-35%), (-20%) (-15%). , 28, : (+173%), (+29%) (+13%). : - (-62%), (-45%) (-25%).
229 2023. (11354058 ; -85%), (3207097 ; -20%), (1513538 ; -16%), (1032801 ; -43%) (459986 ; -54%). 28 (62759 ; +244%), (14625 ; +31%), (10122 ; +46%), (3137 ; -3%) (2889 ; -24%). [223]
16 12 2023 6,7 64 000 , 92% 47% 28 . (Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19, 130 15 2023) , , .
190; , 100000 , 12, 100000. 30 2020. , . 11 2020. .
, SARS-CoV 8000 800 ; MERS-CoV 2494 858.[98]
COVID?19 [71] (.., ). 蠖 (, ), , (, , .). COVID-19, .
(:) 1,03:1. 52 (IQR 3765), 50 (IQR 3564).[5]
R0 ( , reproductive number) = 22,5[38], 5,7[42]. - R0=5.08. [176] R0=4,20[473], B.1.617.2. [794] R0?4,6, R0?1,2. [461] 蠖 , . R0 SARS-CoV-2 , R0 MERS (R0=0,6) SARS (R0=1). [96] 4,78log (/). [576]
4/ 6 5.
: 0,66% , 2,7% [43] ( , 0.1%). [38] , COVID-19 6,5%, 6%, 3%. [321] - , IFR 0,03% 0,07% 059069 . [555]
, , 2 2020, , 872 COVID 73522 , 1,2% [108]; , 11,9%, 9% , 8,6% , 8% 7,1% . [109]
: , , . [110] , COVID-19 2020 . (D Onozuka, 2022)
, COVID-19 , , , . [563]
, CFR COVID-19 . , , , , - . [554]
( ):
: 4 Ѡ 14, 22 Ѡ 714, 70 Ѡ 5.
: ࠖ 3, 2, ꠖ 7, 4, 4, 蠖 7. , (70%), (0,05%) ..[10]
21 , , . , SARS-CoV-2, 14, . , , . [463]
, , SARS-COV-2. [477]
, , . , SARS-CoV-2 , . [483]
II.
SARS-CoV-2 - (single-stranded, ssRNA+) ( , MERS-CoV SARS-CoV), Baltimore group IV. Coronaviridae, Orthocoronavirinae, Betacoronavirus, Sarbecoviridae Nidovirales [258261]. ࠖ 0,1 (100150).
S-, , , [264].
ࠖ (S) 20, (S1 S2). [6] S, , . [264], , , .
, . S 180. [266] N- - S1 : N- (NTD) - (CTD). NTD CTD - (RBD).
(M), (N) envelope(E), - (HE).
: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43 HCoV-229E. 229E NL63 ?-, OC43 HKU1 ?- [257].
SARS-CoV-2
N, [262]. , N-, , [262, 263].
SARS-CoV-2 14ORF [231] (Open Reading Frames) 29903bp. [93] SARS-CoV 5?-ORF1ab-S-E-MN3?. [93] - - (RdRp). SARS-CoV-2 , SARS-CoV MERS-CoV.
, 12 2020 , SARS-CoV-2, , ( ). [8] , .
2 ORF (Open Reading Frames) 2 (pp1a pp1b), 16 (nsp). Open Reading Frames, , , . [231]
:
nsp 12(RdRp)
nsp7
nsp8 (I/II).
, [265]. N [262].
- 103 SARS-CoV-2 , 2020, (L S). L (~70%) , S (~30%). S . [9] 2023 .
, SARS-CoV-2 79% SARS-CoV 50% MERS-CoV. (Zhang et al, 2020, Kirtipal et al, 2020)
III. SARS-COV-2
, SARS-CoV-2, . , , .
Gisaid 2023. 4000 SARS-CoV-2. [228] 3 2023. GISAID 7400000 Omicron SARS-CoV-2. [174]
, D614G 2021 (Plante et al, 2020). Volz et al, 2021, , D614G .
20 2020 SARS-CoV-2 ( VUI 202012/01, ). : 6970, 144, N501Y, A570D, D614G, P681H, T716I, S982A, D1118H. N501Y RBD.
: escape mutations, , .
(, 2021) SARS-CoV-2 - , , 2021. 30- , V (n=37902), 91% Alpha, [ (aOR) 1,34 1,53] [aOR 1,57 aOR 1,88] -V. [224]
(n=1475), 1 2020 30 2021 , - [ OR 1,40] , Alpha SARS-CoV-2. , , Alpha, , -Alpha. [225]
( 501.V2, ) .
2021 P681H. 2021. . , . .
( .1) 2020.
( B.1.617.2) 2020. , R0 =5.08. [176]
, , , Delta, , -V SARS-CoV-2. [226] 167, Delta . 4,05,8 . Delta. , SAR , -, 1,4%, 73,9% . (OR=2,84) (OR=6,02) , , . [226] , , , , .
, , COVID-19, Delta, , Alpha. [227] 2,3% , Delta, 2,2% , Alpha, 14 . , HR , Delta 14 (5,7%), , Alpha (4,2%). (74%) , , . [227] , , , , .
( 5). , 5 ( ?FVI-spike Statens Serum Institut), . [246] , ; , .
(20A.EU1). 2020 , 20A.EU1 . Medical Express, , , - . [249]
VOI Epsilon ( B.1.427/ B.1.429), Zeta ( P.2) Theta ( P.3) Alerts for further monitoring. / , , V VOI. , COVID-19Weekly Epidemiological Update. Edition 47, 6July2021
( B.1.427/ B.1.429) , . [173] 6 2021GISAID 50000 45. [174]
5% 2021 0,5% - 2021. [175] (98%) , Epsilon , , . , , .
Zeta ( P.2) E484K, ; , , V VOI. 2020 , . , Zeta, (<0,5%) 2021. 6 2021GISAID 4439 42. (52%, n=2319) , 55% 2021. V- Zeta <2% 2021. . [177]
( P.3) , , ; . 6 2021GISAID 269 14. (71%, n=191) ; - , 2021. [174] .
(B.1.1.529). 26 2021. SARS-CoV-2(TAG-VE) , B.1.1.529 VOC. . V , TAG-VE, , ( 2632 ), / . B.1.1.529 24 2021. , , 9 2021. ( COVID-19( 68), 30 2021.)
, [814], . 72761 Delta 121 Omicron 1528 2021. () , SARS-CoV-2 14 ( 7 ). , 3,2 .
, , , , V SARS-CoV-2 . ( COVID-19. 70, 14 2021.)
, -, , , - CD8+ - . [815]
Omicron XBB.1.5( Kraken)
Omicron XBB.1.5 BA.2.10.1BA.2.75, 13 2022., F486P , - ACE2. , 21 2023., XBB.1.5 49,1% COVID-19. , F486P ACE2. , . [795]
Ѡ22 2022. 23 2023. 8931 Omicron XBB.1.554 ( ). (75,0%); > 1% (9,9%), (3,0%), (2,0%), (1,5%), (1,3%) (1,3%). , XBB.1.5, , . . , . , XBB.1.5, , . , XBB.1.5, -, - Omicron. ( COVID-19. 127, 25 2023.)
XBB: S:G339H, S:R346T, S:L368I, S:V445P, S:G446S, S:N460K, S:F486S S:F490S. 2022. 3,8%, 70. XBB (62,5%), (48,2%), (47,3%), (40,9%) (29,3%).
BA.2.75 S:D339H, S:G446S, S:N460K S:Q493R. BA.2.75 Spike BA.2.75.2(BA.2.75+ S:R346T, S:F486S S:D1199) CH.1.1(BA.2.75+ S: R346T), S:K444T, S:L452R S:F486S). BA.2.75 31 2021 - . Ѡ BA.2.75 85. , .2.75, (53,8%), (25,1%), (22,5%), (18,8%) (16,3%). BA.2.75 ; XBB . , BA.2.75 Omicron , .
BA.5 5 S:R346X, S:K444X, S:V445X, S:N450X / S:N460X , (, , ). 119 15,0%. , .5, (75,4%), - (70,9%), (53,5%), (49,8%) (42,4%).
BQ.1 BA.5 S:K444T S:N460K. BQ.1 BQ.1.1, S:R346T. BQ.1 90. BQ.1 (65,5%), (56,7%), (54,1%), (48,7%) (46,8%).
BA.2.30.2 S:K444R, S:N450D, S:L452M, S:N460K S:E484R. 2022 BA.2.30.2 0,3%. (4%), (2%), (1,1%), (0,9%) (0,6%). ( COVID-19. 122, 14 2022.)
: covdb.stanford.edu/page/mutation-viewer.
.
SARS-CoV-2. V VOI .1/2
SARS-CoV-2. V VOI .2/2
* covdb.stanford.edu/page/mutation-viewer
** Weekly_Epi_Update_55
*** https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants#
P J Halfmann et al.,2022
Omicron VOC, 16.01.2023. (Weekly Epi Update126).
# ; * S: N: G30-, S33F, ORF9b: M26-, A29I, V30L; $ S: ORF1a: Q556K, L3829F, ORF1b: Y264H, M1156I, N1191S, N: E136D, ORF9b: P10F; S: ORF1a: S1221L, P1640S, N4060S, ORF1b: G662S, E: T11A; ** S: ORF1a: K47R, ORF1b: G662S, S959P, E: T11A, ORF8:G8*.
, Weekly Epi Update . 78, 8.02.2022.
, COVID-19Weekly Epi Update . 119, 23.11.2022.1/3
, COVID-19Weekly Epi Update . 119, 23.11.2022.2/3
, COVID-19Weekly Epi Update . 119, 23.11.2022.3/3
, COVID-19. 128, 1 2023.
30 2022. 30 2023. GISAID 90985 SARS-CoV-2. 90937 Omicron (VOC), 99,9% , .
BA.5 . Ѡ915 2023. 65,7% (16357) , GISAID. BA.2 14,6%, BA.4 ⠖ 0,3%. 2023 BQ.1.1(28,2%), BQ.1(14,1%) XBB.1.5(11,5%). BQ.1.1BQ.1 BA.5, XBB.1.5 BA.2.
- , , . 2023. [175]:
(332): BQ.1.1(23,7%), BA.2.10.1(12,3%) XBB.2(12,1%);
(40010): BQ.1.1(37,5%), XBB.1.5(19,6%) BQ.1(19,6%);
(85): XBB.1(37,2%), BN.1(10,3%) BA.5.2(10,3%);
(40379): BQ.1.1(31,3%), BQ.1(13,0%) CH.1.1(12,3%);
- (389): XBB.1(41,1%), BQ.1.1(14,3%) BA.2.10.1(6,0%);
(15515): BA.5.2(30,1%), BF.7(13,2%) BQ.1.1(8,5%).
. Ѡ915 2023. 1147 BF.7(4,6%), 11674 BQ.1(46,9%), BQ.1.1(7189, 28,9%). 3473 BA.2.75(13,9%), BA.2.75.2(35, <1%) CH.1.1(1672, 6,7%). , 4049 XBB (16,3%), XBB.1.5(3005, 12,1%), GISAID . [175]
, 26 2022 23 2023 18906. : BA.5.2(70,8%) BF.7(23,4%) . , , BF.7 , BA.5.2 . ()
COVID, ( , ).
IV.
, . (. spillover).
, SARS-CoV-2, , . [425]
ࠖ (Rhinolophus sinicus [12]); : (Manis javanica)? [615617] - SARS-CoV-2 . [13] - , .[71]
22 2020Journal ofMedical Virology Wei Ji , SARS-CoV-2 . , , .
AS-SCoV2 bat-SL-RatG13 SARS-CoV-2 , , , bat-SL-CoV-RaTG13 [15] Bat SARSr CoV-ZC45, Bat SARSr CoV-ZXC21.[93]
Genomic variance ofthe 2019?nCoV coronavirus , CoV 96,2% 2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV-277,1% SARS. [16] , SARS-CoV-2 99% [16,90,91]. , SARS-CoV-2 . [90] 160 SARS-CoV-2 , : A, B C. AC , , , B . [111] SARS-CoV-2 , , .[93]
, SARS-CoV-2 . , - , , , , SARS-CoV-2.[17]
SARS-CoV-2 , . [31] , . ( 2020, Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). Situation Report 94)[71]
, SARS-CoV-2 , .[14]
, 2020 -, , , COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 -, .
SARS-CoV-2 . 1 . (, , , ), ( / ). Ӡ SARS-CoV-2 . . . : SARS-CoV-2 (2 1 ). .[73]
SARS-CoV-2 -.[72]
, SARS-CV-2 , , , .[92]
, SARS-CoV-2, , . [536]
, , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . [583]
COVID-19 COVID-19 . , , , COVID-19 . [595]
2021 , : , . , , . , SARS-CoV-2 . [183]
, . Fox News. , , , .
, SARS-CoV-2 , , , . , , . [425]
5 2020. , (CEBM) [239], , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 ; [240] [241]:
, , ~ 50kb, ~ 30% ~8% [242];
COVID-19 . [243] [244]
, , SARS-CoV-2. [37] , , 2019, SARS-CoV-2, , .[71]
V.
1) 頖 , [97] ( , 15, 1). ; [277,278; RCOG].
2) (-) , . . , .
, , [284].
SARS-CoV-2 . [310]
, SARS-CoV-2 , . [378,379]
, SARS-CoV-2 , . [422] , . (E C Rosca, 2022)
, 5,8 . COVID-19 , , . [645]
SARS-CoV-2 . , , , . [654]
. [18] SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 . , - .
SARS-CoV-2 18,29 . , . , , . [569]
SARS-CoV-2- COVID-19 86%. , , 72% - . SARS-CoV-2- 70 . [449] Ӡ COVID-19 . , / , ACE2 , . [530]
, , COVID-19. , SARS-CoV-2 , . [552]
, Xia . SARS-CoV-2 30 COVID?19. Ӡ29 . , SARS-CoV-2 , , . [19] SARS-CoV-2 . , , SARS-CoV-2, . [467]
, , . , , SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2, , COVID-19. [11] - COVID-19 [104], , 15% [105].
(, ) , SARS-CoV-2, . (Ct> 30) , . [452]
SARS-CoV-2( ) . [4447] , , SARS-CoV-2[279283]. . , , -, , , , , . [RCOG] , . SARS-CoV-2 . [48,49] , SARS-CoV-2 . , , , . (J Kumar et al., 2022)
COVID-19 . IgG , , . IgG SARS-CoV-2 . [RCOG-882]
SARS-CoV-2 -SARS-CoV-2IgG, IgM / IgA . , SARS-CoV-2invitro. [528]
Patr? . .[86]
SARS-CoV-2 . , . . SARS-CoV-2 . . , , . [568]
Ling Y [102] 66, COVID-19, 6,9% , , . , Wang W. [103] , SARS-CV-2 .
, [106] - [107].
, SARS-CoV-2.
. [384]
2 . SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-1( , ), , SARS-CoV - . , - SARS-CoV-2- . , , , , 10 , . [385]
, PM2,5 1/3 COVID-198%. [381] , COVID-19, PM2,5PM10 COVID-19 PM1. [551]
, , , , , . , , COVID-19, (PM10 PM2,5), (, 50/3 ) 2020. [382]
COVID-19 , . [383] , SARS-CoV-2 , . [512]
, NO2 COVID-19 , , . [380]
ʠ , , , , - . , COVID-19- . [411]
, PM, /2+, 2+ (CRAC) /-6. [376]
. , , . [377]
, SARS-CoV-2 .
(SSE)
COVID-19. [250] (AP Schmitz Rambo, 2021). ( ), , ( ). [251]
, Lancet 2020, , 137 48 , , . (SAR), , , . [252]
, , , 2% COVID-19 20% . , , ( 60) 2,78 , , , , . . [255]
, - , . , , , , , . [251]
, , SSE. [256]
, SARS-CoV-2: , , , . [253] : , , . [251]
SSE, . , , SSE, , , , , , . [253]
VI.
COVID-19 . , SARS.
- , .
SARS-CoV-2 : , 23 . , [851,852] , , - (), , , . [853855] , , . [856]
COVID-19 . [857] 12 , , 8 , 9 10,514,5 / . (85%), . [858]
SARS-CoV-2 . , COVID-19 , . . SARS-CoV-2 . [661]
:
ORF1a, /;
ORF1b, /, ;
S: ? ? ; [230]
E, ;
ORF7a ;
HE: , , S-, -; [245]
N , , ;
, Mpro 3CLpro, , . [914]
, ,
(N) SARS-CoV-2 , , (S), (E) () [635]. spike (S) -, (E) (M) [636]. S , - [614, 619]. Spike CoV : , , , -, , [618, 620]. , S1 N- (S1-NTD) S1 C- (S1-CTD), RBD [618]. RBD spike SARS-CoV-2 , [623], [624]. RBD SARS-CoV-2, , (lying down position), RBD SARS-CoV standing up position. [230]
S- SARS-CoV-2 - 2(ACE2), . [7] S1 ( 200 , host-ACE2) . S2 ( : HR-C HR-N, , 140) .
ACE2, TMPRSS2 IFITM3 , SARS-CoV-2. (S Suh et al., 2022; C Muus, 2021). , S- SARSCoV-21020 ACE2, S- SARS-CoV 2000- [274] ( ). , [275]. , S- SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 , SARS-CoV. , ( CD147, NRP-1, CD26, AGTR2, Band3, KREMEN1, ASGR1, ANP, TMEM30A, CLEC4G LDLRAD3) ACE2 . Band3 S- SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19. [531] , SARS-CoV-2, OR51E2 [628] (HS) [629]. GOLGA7 ZDHHC5, . [630] , SARS-CoV-2- -1(NRP1) [626]. NRP1 , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19[627].
SARS-CoV-2 [268]. S1 RBD 2(ACE2), [272, 273]. S- , , [276].
, , , TMPRSS-2, TMPRSS-4 (HAT) [267, 269]. , TMPRSS2 SARS-CoV-2 . TMPRSS2 S1 S2. B L , (Bergmann et al, 2020, [231]). , , SARS-CoV-2, [267, 269, 270].
SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 [270], , - , RXXR, RX (K/R) R [621]. - [271]. , -, , RRAR SARS-CoV-2[621, 622].
, -. - (ssRNA-). ssRNA- - ssRNA+. . . ssRNA+ . [266] - . . [266]
: - ? ? - (pp1a pp1b) ? ? ? ? S, E M ? ? . [232]
COVID-19
COVID-19, , , . [389]
COVID-19 , , , . [390,391]
, - (, IL13, IL4, IL10, XIST, TLR7, FOXP3) , Y (SRY, SOX9), [916].
SARS-CoV-2
, , toll- 2(TLR2) SARS-CoV-2, , TLR2 (PRR), . , TLR7 SARS-CoV-2, TLR7 COVID-19. [662,663]
SARS-CoV-2
ӠSARS-CoV-2 , . [665667]
SARS-CoV-2. [448]
-, (MAIT), COVID-19[660]. , SARS-CoV-2 . IFN 1, , , NK-. , - [655].
, Orf6 SARS-CoV [656] , , , STAT1, , IFN. Orf3b SARS-CoV 3(IRF3) [657], , IFN-?/?.
CD8+, CD4+ - . IFN
CD4+ - -, - CD8+ -. - (Th) Th1, Th2, Th17 - (Treg) , Th1, Th2, Th17 - (Tfh) . , (IL) -6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-7, IL-22, IL-21, IL-15, IL-1?, IL-23, IL-5, IL-13, IL-2, IL-17, - (TNF-?), CXC- (CXCL) 8, CXCL9 (TGF-?); 8 , . CD8+ - , , (HLA-DR) 1 (PD-1). , SARS-CoV-2, (Ig) A , . [546]
IFN . , SARS-CoV-1, IFN IIII ( IFN), -, [861], . [862]
IFN IIII SARS-CoV-2. [863,864] Blanco-Melo et al. [864], , , SARS-CoV-2 IFN IIFN III IFN- , . IFN I COVID-19 , , NF-kB ( kB), TNF-? (IL) -6. [865]
IFN III (IFN-?) (IL-28/IL-29), IFN , IFN IIL-10. IFN III , IFN I, ( -) . , III . IFN III : ( I), [866] . [867] IFN I . [861,868]
IL-1 , . , IL-6TNF.
Ӡ COVID-19 -. , COVID-19 , (PB) - , , . [870]
, . [850]
MBL ( ), , - (PRR). , . , MBL SARS-CoV, 4 , , . [859] S1 SARS-CoV-2 , MBL S1-ACE. [850] MBL, MBL , SARS-CoV. [860]
C3a C5a COVID-19, . [880] , , , , . , , COVID-19. , , 蠖 . [881]
( ) (MAS) [872,873]
, COVID-19, , , . [697]
COVID-19 -. (R Mulchandani, 2021) COVID-19 , 82% 60 [658].
- , IFN-?, IL-2IL-12[285]. , . , , [285]. COVID-19 IL-2, IL-6IL-7, , -? . [112] , SARS-CoV-2, , . (M Olbei, 2021.)
, COVID-19. [874]
, COVID-19, , MAS, . [873] , COVID-19 . , COVID-19 , , - . [875] , COVID-19. [876]
Silvin et al. [877], , , COVID-19 , ; ; , .
, . (IL-1/TNF/IL-6) , , , , [871] COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 , , , ACE-2 . [878,879] , , , . [871]
Siddiqi et al, 2020, [189]:
I : , , . .
II : (IIA) (IIB) PaO2/FiO2 <300 .. / , .
III : , /, . , , IL-6, D-, NT-proBNP, .
: , , , , , , [637]. : ; ( ); ( ); [638].
[286]. , , , , [286]. (TNF) -? IL-1? , , , . [287]. IL-8 , [288]. , . , . [266]
, , , [289]. , . , . [290] , , , SARS-CoV-2 . [429]
, , . , [291]. , IL-1, IL-6TNF-? , COVID-19[292, 293]. - , , , [294]. , [295].
COVID-19 , , , . [587589] , . [590]
, (- ) COVID-19 . COVID-19. , COVID-19 . , , , . [511]
-
, , - [129]. 2030% COVID-19 [130,131]. - , , [129].
, , COVID-19, [160]. ACE2 , [160].
COVID-19 [133, 141, 154]. , [155, 156, 157], [157]. , [157,158]. , , , , , [157, 158, 159]. , - () [158]. [158]. , , - , [158].
COVID-19, COVID-19 . [128]
COVID-19[133], , , , COVID-19.
Yan-Chao Li et al. , , , . , SARS-CoV MERS-CoV . SARS-CoV-1 MERS-CoV , , . , , , . /, NCoV-OC43. [53] COVID-19[54]. D614G , COVID-19, D614G. [648] / , COVID-19[55; F Nabizadeh, 2022]. SARS-CoV-2 ; , - ; . [419] , SARS-CoV-2.
, , , COVID-19.
, , . [432]
F Gentile et al., 2022, - COVID-19. [591]
S1 SARS-CoV-2 1020 ACE2, . [753, 754]. , , , ACE2. [755]
, , ACE2; , , , , [753,754]. SARS-CoV-2 - , , [756, 757].
NMDA COVID-19. (V Vasilevska et al., 2021)
COVID-19/ , , SARS-CoV-2. , . [Bulfamante, G, 2021; Kirschenbaum, D, 2021; Meinhardt, J, 2021; Poloni T.E, 2021] J Matschke et al.,2020, , . , -, , , , / , [Cutsforth-Gregory J.K, 2017]. , , COVID-19. , . , , , . , , . [591] , [Lambermont B, 2021], .
COVID-19, . [423] , , . , , . [501] SARS-CoV-2 / . [426] , SARS-CoV-2 . Ӡ (55%), (41%), (32%) / (32%). (57%), 8 . . . [470]
SARS-CoV-2 [749,750]. [751, 752].
, COVID-19.[87]
-
, SARS-CoV-2 , , ACE2 (hACE2) . [614] 5(HD5) ( 32, ) hACE2, (39,3), S1 hACE2 [625]. - , , . , . [639]
S , SARS-CoV-2 2, [348]. ACE2 , . , . [336] . II- , , , COVID-19[350].
Ӡ COVID-19 , , , , [351]. , , , , [352]. , , (, , ) , , , .
Zou X et al. [99] , , , , (ACE2- 2,4%) (ACE2- 堖 4%) . , 0,129% COVID-19. , COVID-19 , [100, 101]. , COVID-19 (6090%) [101].
COVID-19 (AKI) (MS Moitinho, 2020). / COVID-19. , ACE2, , , , . SARS-CoV-2 . , AKI COVID-19. [296] , , -, . [336]
COVID-19 . [306, 335] , COVID-19, , , .
, , D-, COVID-19 , . , , , COVID-19 COVID-19. [113]
P- (sP-sel) COVID-19, COVID-19. - , . [741] Goshua et al. [742] , P- , , , . . Hotz et al. [743], - 72 , . , , - TF . Ӡ COVID-19 -, , COVID-19 . Ѡ , P- sCD40L COVID-19, P- sCD40L . , , Agrati et al. [744] - COVID-19, . Comer et al. [745]. , PF4 sP-sel , SARS-CoV-2. , PF4 COVID-19, COVID-19 sP-sel. Frazer et al. [746] ( P-) , COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2+ SARS-CoV-2, , . Ӡ SARS-CoV-2+ vWF , , , COVID-19+ sP-sel 3- 7- . Ӡ SARS-CoV-2+ , sP-sel. - COVID-19 - , . [741]
ACE2. , , , ACE2. , , . COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 . [89] , . [459]
SARS-CoV-2 [672]. , , , [673]. , , SARS-CoV-2 ACE2- -, - [674].
Xu et al. (VLP) SARS-CoV-2 . , M + E VLP SARS-CoV-2 E M, S [679]. Wan Lu et., 2022, VLP . [680]
NET , , , PPR . [869] NET . [578; 750; Veras etal.]
, SARS-CoV-2 , , , [363].
(TRYCAT) COVID-19 . [747]
Ӡ COVID-19 miR-155(, miR-155-3p miR-139-5p), miR-155, . Keikha et al., 2021, , , - COVID-19. , , , - COVID-19. [190]
, NLRP3 (NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3), , . [659]
IgG COVID-19 , . , , IgG IgG COVID-19. [642]
TREM-1 COVID-19, . [433]
. SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2
[664].
Tan et al. [692] , IgM 7- 28- (28), IgG 10- 49- (45), Zhao et al. [693] , 173 12(IgM), 14(IgG) 11( ) .
SARS-CoV-2 11,0. , -, IgG (23 ). [686]
SARS-CoV-2 . , , . (S Nair, 2022) , . [481, 646] SARS-CoV-2, 1. [687689] ( ), , 1 2 [690691].
SARS-CoV-2 84%. (Qi Chen, 2022) Delta Omicron 7 . [647]
, - - , [671].
SARS-CoV-2 . SARS-CoV-2[668670].
VII.
SARS: , , , ; , .[23]
, SARS-CoV, -, , , . /, /, - - [23].
SARS-CoV-2
. , COVID-19, [324] - [51,315], , , [315], , 1 2. [328] : CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ CD45+ , CD68+ , CD61+ , CD57+ NK-, TTF-1CK-7 + CK 5/6. [328]
: , [315], - [328]. , , . , -, SARS-CoV-2, , , , COVID-19. [316]
. . 50, 548. 69. - . . SARS-CoV-2 60,8% [307]. [315], . , , , , , , . [328] CD3+ CD8+ CD68+ . [323,328]
: - /, , [315], [326, 328], , , , , , , , , . : - - , CD235+ , , CD31 , ACE2+ ATI. [328]
. COVID-19 , [326] , , , , . : CD3; CD4 CD8+ -, CD20+ - , CD20 CD21 , CD68+ . [328]
. , COVID-19, [52], [315]. : , , , , , , , , , . : CD68+ , CD4+ CD8+ , CD61+ . [328] SARS-CoV-2 , .[52]
. Ӡ . , - , COVID-19. [56] [315].
. , , , , , . : CD3+ -; CD4+> CD8+ -. [328]
. , ; CD8+ -. [328]
. - , . [328]
. , 1008. Π 30,7% , ࠖ 27,08% . 22,68% 25,65% . 32,7% , , 砖 14,6% . , , . 37,5% , 17,5% . [309]
. ࠖ . . ࠖ ; ; [475]; , . [328] 頖 RdRo, E Orf1: , SARS-CoV-2. [475]
, () . [475]
[315]. , , . , SARS-CoV-2, . [418]
, (DAD) 239 (84,4%). (87, 51,2%), (121, 62%) (118, 59,3%) , , , . [367]
SARS-CoV-2 , , , , , , . [315]
, , , , . : (78,3%), (43,5%), (30,4%), (26%), (26%), (17,4%) (17,4%). (80%), (60%), (60%), (40%) (30%). (60%), / (30%) / (20%). (75%), (62,5%), (37,5%) , , / (25%). (71,4%), (71,4%), (57,1%) (28,6%). : (87,5%), (75%), (62,5%), (62,5%), (37,5%), (25%). SARS-CoV-2CD68 85,7% 33,3% . [393]
VIII.
: 56. COVID-19 5,00 , , 4,5 , 4,4 3,4 . 7,4 ( 60), 8,8 (18 ), 6,99 6,69 . [485] Ӡ SARS-CoV-2 13 . , , , SARS-CoV-2, . [74] COVID-19 1% , , , . [94,95]
, , - , (M Arafkas, 2021; AGidari, 2021). , , SARS-CoV-2 (M Koupaei, 2022; Xiangying Ren, 2022; AT Huang, 2020). , , 142 (2 - 24 1- ). [186]
蠫 COVID-19 . (M Koupaei, 2022) , , , , .., . [572]
SARS-CoV-2 10. SARS-CoV-2 . , SARS-CoV-2. [430]
, , , SARS-CoV-2 , , . [446]
- , 25,5% 97,9%, , (8,4% 91,4%). . [484]
COVID : (, 60), , , , , , , (/ ), , , , .
, 15% ⠖ , ; 5% , .[22]
, SARS-CoV-2. [5] , . [917,918]
ACE2 , , ACE2 . COVID-19 , , . [451]
( , 1994): (88,7%), (67,8%), (38,1%), (33,4%), (18,6%), (13,9%) (13,6%), (4,8%), (3,9%) [24].
, .[57]
SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19, 161: 89(55,3%) , 72(44,7%) . 44 (294). SARS-CoV-2 20 (650). SARS-CoV-2 21 (IQR 16,529) 89 20 (IQR 1626,8) 72. [125]
74 COVID-19. (X Luo et al., 2022.)
COVID-19 .
COVID-19,1/5
COVID-19,2/5
COVID-19,3/5
COVID-19,4/5
COVID-19,5/5
COVID-19, (23.01.23). Ӡ91 , 95 72 . 1442 IIT. - . Splenium 14% 9% . 41 Desikan-Killiany. , , . . [438]
, COVID-19 . [509]
, -, , , -, .
ʠ, , SARS-CoV-2 /. , , , COVID-19, . , - , . 23 12 [365].
, , . [459]
COVID-19. [544] VTE D- . VTE , D-, . VTE (, , VTE, ) VTE COVID-19. [545]
ʠ : 60, , , , ( ), , [88] (, , ), [21,85; R Patanavanich, 2021, 2023] (, 2020), ( COVID-19 2,10) [308]. , , COVID-19(OR= 1,40). [308]. , , SOFA d-> 1/ .[22]
, . Ӡ - , [50].
COVID-19 . [310]
, , SARS-CoV-2- . , , , SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2, , . [121]
Zhang Q. t al, 2020, .
COVID-19 7 2020. ( ), 27.9% , 23.8% , 16.1% , 11.1% , 65.6% , 29.3% 2, 21.3% (), 16.9% , 17.1% 5, 4.6% , 20.8% , 2.1% , 6.3% , 0.2% , 4.3% , 10.3% . 3.5% , 13.2% 1, 19.3% 2, 64% 3 (Istituto Superiore di Sanit?).
2 COVID19. [233]
COVID-19, L:
1. ; .
2. (VA / Q); .
3. ; , .
4. ; .
COVID-19, H:
1. ; .
2. .
3. (> 1.5).
4. ; .
COVID-19(Istituto Superiore di Sanit?):
1) (30% ): , .
2) (55% ): COVID-19, (/).
3) : SpO2?94%.
4) (10% ): > 30/ 5, ?60/ <2, ?50/ 211 ?40/ 15; SpO2 <94%, PaO2/FiO2 <300, >50%.
5) (5% ): , / .
Ѡ (P/F <200 . .) , .
: 200 . .
: 100 . .
: PaO2/FiO2 ? 100 . . (PEEP ? 5 . .).
, , COVID-19. . 1000, COVID-19 300 ( 1) 800 ( 3) (Robba et al, 2020; Ball L. et al, 2020). PEEP .
, COVID-19 .
Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS). , , , ; 03. , :
/ : 02;
/ : 34;
/ : 5.
, :
(, , , ), (SpO2> 92%), ?38 ?38 72, ( ), //.
, 710 .
:
;
: (OR 3.66), (OR 2.84), (OR 2.78), (OR 2.39), (OR 2.24), (OR 1.54), ;
;
.
, crazy-paving / . [424]
( ):
> 30/;
SpO2 ? 90%* ;
/F <200mmHg;
;
> 50% ;
/F <150mmHg
(HFNC/NIV)
16/;
;
> 3mEq/L;
.
*SpO2 90% ; SpO2 90% ࠖ .
, , , COVID-19. [505] CHOD . (L V Rindi, 2022.)
COVID-19 , , . [711]
, COVID-19, , , . [313]
SARS-CoV-2 26,2%. [441]
SARS-CoV-2 , , . [527]
, , , (), COVID-19(, 2021).
Ӡ COVID-19. [35] , . [36] , , , , , , , , . [195196]
, . , - - , SARS-CoV-2 . [471]
COVID-19 COVID-19. [728]
COVID-19 , . (OJ Ilonze et al., 2022)
Ӡ . .[40]
COVID-19
, . [882]
, SARS-CoV-2, : , , , 73% 86% SARS-CoV-2 . [883] [884] Ӡ . [885]
PregCOV-19[883] 293000 COVID-19. COVID-19 , , 9%. COVID-19 ( 36%). (19%), (17%), (9%) (5%). [886]
, COVID-19 (28100%), (2079%), - (2896%), (3480%) (799%). (2396%) (1464%). (1693%), (050%), (543%) (269%). OR COVID-19 COVID-19 1,88, OR 蠖 3,13. , . [333]
, , , - - , , , COVID-19. [236]
COVID-19 [395] , [396]. , - COVID-19 [398]. , SARS-CoV-2 . [487] , SARS-CoV-2 , . (M Simbar, 2023) - , , , , (S Yaghoobpoor, 2022).
, SARS-CoV-2 , , , 1/9 , 1/9 , 7/9 [397].
COVID-19, -, . UKOSS [888] ( , ). COVID-19 : 83% 28 , 52% 37 . COVID-19, COVID-19. , COVID-19 .[22]
385 , COVID-19, 368(95,6%) ; 14(3,6%) ; 3(0,8%) . , , . 252, 175(69,4%) 77(30,6%) . 256 -, .[75]
( 6 2020.) , COVID-19 , , , . , , . COVID-19 (OR=2,13), (OR=2,59) (OR=2,02). -, , COVID-19, , , , . [235]
, , -, COVID-19, COVID-19, : ; : , ; ?25/2, , : ; 35 . [883] , , - , , COVID-19, . , , -, . [235;561]
COVID-19 (OR=1,47), . COVID-19 , . , COVID-19, (OR=4,89), COVID-19. [235]
COVID-19 . COVID-19, , . [882]
COVID , , ; / [79; F R Prez-Lpez, 2022; X Wang, 2022], , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 . [76,77]
Aghaamoo, et al. [397] , , SARS-CoV-2, . , [400].
Ghemma et al. [399] Crovetto et al. [402] , : , , , , , . COVID-19, , , , , , [401]. .
, , COVID-19, .[78]
, , -, . [238, 394] Jamieson Rasmussen [403]; ACiapponi [333] , . Khedmat et al. [404] , IgM 2 , , . SARS-CoV-2 [405].
, , COVID-19, , COVID-19, , , . [608]
COVID-19 , , ; / .
COVID-19. [882]
; . COVID-19 .
, 20/ ( ) , COVID-19. , , , - , - .
- COVID-19. D- , VTE .
, / . , COVID-19.
, COVID-19, . , ( ). .
.
.
, (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=69148477) .
Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, , , , PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI , .
Если текст книги отсутствует, перейдите по ссылке
Возможные причины отсутствия книги:
1. Книга снята с продаж по просьбе правообладателя
2. Книга ещё не поступила в продажу и пока недоступна для чтения